Table 3.
Metabolic Syndrome-Related Variables and Dietary Macronutrient Consumption According to Menopausal Status and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration
| Premenopausal Status (n = 4030) |
p-value * | Postmenopausal Status (n = 4296) |
p-value * | p-value for Interaction** | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≥50 nmol/L (n = 612) |
<50 nmol/L (n = 3418) |
≥50 nmol/L (n = 1384) |
<50 nmol/L (n = 2912) |
||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.4 ± 0.2 | 22.6 ± 0.1 | 0.285 | 24.0 ± 0.1 | 24.52± 0.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 745.0 ± 0.5 | 74.9 ± 0.2 | 0.830 | 81.4 ± 0.4 | 82.7 ± 0.3 | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 108.3 ± 0.6 | 108.9 ± 0.3 | 0.354 | 125.9 ± 0.6 | 126.6 ± 0.4 | 0.380 | 0.004 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 71.9 ± 0.4 | 72.0 ± 0.2 | 0.824 | 76.5 ± 0.34 | 76.5 ± 0.2 | 0.857 | 0.010 |
| FG (mg/dL) | 90.1 ± 0.7 | 91.4 ± 0.4 | 0.097 | 99.6 ± 0.7 | 101.8 ± 0.7 | 0.048 | 0.054 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 85.1 ± 2.5 | 96.4 ± 1.2 | 0.001 | 130.1 ± 2.4 | 140.7 ± 2.1 | 0.001 | <0.001 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 181.0 ± 1.3 | 179.7 ± 0.7 | 0.382 | 199.5 ± 1.2 | 202.1 ± 0.9 | 0.094 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 55.3 ± 0.6 | 54.0 ± 0.3 | 0.380 | 50.5 ± 0.4 | 49.4 ± 0.3 | 0.027 | 0.022 |
| Dietary consumption | |||||||
| Energy (kcal) | 1706.7 ± 28.7 | 1771.7 ± 13.2 | 0.360 | 1656.6 ± 24.0 | 1606.2 ± 14.1 | 0.054 | 0.003 |
| %_CHO | 64.9 ± 0.6 | 64.3 ± 0.2 | 0.278 | 74.2 ± 0.4 | 74.0 ± 0.3 | 0.593 | 0.219 |
| %_PRO | 14.9 ± 0.2 | 14.8 ± 0.1 | 0.792 | 13.6 ± 0.1 | 13.3 ± 0.1 | 0.044 | 0.351 |
| %_FAT | 19.9 ± 0.5 | 20.8 ± 0.2 | 0.380 | 13.4 ± 0.3 | 13.5 ± 0.2 | 0.723 | 0.159 |
Notes: The data are expressed as the means ± SEMs * p-values of the association between menopausal status and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration using a general linear model after adjusting for age, education level, household income, marital status, residential region, subjective stress level, dietary supplement consumption, smoking status, alcohol consumption status, and physical activity. ** p-values for the interaction between menopausal status and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration using a multivariate logistic regression after adjusting for age, education level, household income, marital status, residential region, subjective stress level, dietary supplement consumption, smoking status, alcohol consumption status, and physical activity.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FG, fasting glucose; TGs, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.