Table 2.
Characteristics of Intradiscal Injection Techniques
| Authors | Intervention | Drugs | Guidance | C-Arm | Approach | Needle | Injection Site | Injection Check | Operator | Patients Position | Sedation | Local Anesthesia | Antib Prophilax | Rest After Injection | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kallewaard et al4 | ID | BM, LA | Fluor | No | ND | ND | ND | AP/L | ND | ND | ND | ND | Yes | 2 h | |
| Mineta et al8 | ID | Cs | ND | No | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| Yin et al9 | ID | FS | Fluor | No | PL | 18G | CTh | RTMF | ND | ND | No | Yes | Yes | 1, 1/2 h | |
| Zhang et al10,11 | ID/IF | Oz | Fluor | Yes | PL | 21G | C | AP/L | ND | * | No | Yes | ND | 10 min | |
| ID/IF | Oz Cs | ||||||||||||||
| Beaudreuil et al11 | ID | Cs | Fluor | No | ND | ND | C | ND | ND | ND | No | Yes | ND | 12/24 h | |
| Lehnert et al12 | ID | Oz | CT | No | EL | 22G | ND | ND | ND | ND | Nt | Yes | ND | 6 h | |
| PG | |||||||||||||||
| De Seze et al13 | ID | Discogel | Fluor | No | PL | 22G | C | AP/L | ND | ND | DS | No | ND | 3 h | |
| Fukui et al14 | ID | Saline sol, LA | Fluor | No | PO | 22G | MPHD | AP/O/L | ND | P | ND | ND | ND | 1 h | |
| Yu et al15 | ID | Cs | CT | No | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| Saline sol | |||||||||||||||
| Cao et al16 | ID | Cs, Songmeile | CT | No | PL | 22G | C | ND | Authors | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3 h | |
| Saline sol | |||||||||||||||
| Muto et al17 | ID/PG/PR | Oz | CT | No | PvO | 18/20G | C | ND | ND | P | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| Oder et al18 | ID/PG/Ep | Cs, LA, Oz | CT/Fluor | No | Post | 22G | C | CT scan | ND | P | Yes | Yes | Yes | 12 h | |
| Fayad et al19 | ID | Cs | Fluor | No | PL | 22G | C | AP/L | Radiol | ND | No | No | ND | ND | |
| Gallucci et al20 | ID/IF | Cs, LA | CT | No | Pv/IL | 22G | C | CT scan | NeuroR | P | No | Yes | Yes | 2 h | |
| ID/IF | Cs, LA, Oz | ||||||||||||||
| Miller et al21 | ID | HyD, LA | Fluor | No | ND | 22G | C | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| Benyahya et al22 | ID | Cs | CT | No | PL | ND | C | ND | Radiol | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| Khot et al23 | ID | Cs | Fluor | No | PL | ND | ND | ND | Authors | ND | AwS | No | ND | ND | |
| Andreula et al24 | ID/PG | Oz, O3 | Fluor | No | EL | 22G | ND | ND | ND | ND | No | No | ND | 2 h | |
| ID/PG | Oz, Cs, LA | CT | |||||||||||||
| Feffer et al25 | ID | Cs | Fluor | No | PL | 22G | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| Centeno et al43 | Ep/ID | AT-MSC, LA | Fluor | No | PL | ND | ND | ND | ND | P | No | Yes | ND | ND | |
| Zhang et al37 | ID | BM | Fluor | Yes | PL | ND | C | Dis | ND | P | ND | ND | ND | 24 h | |
| Tuakli-Wosornu et al39 | ID | Prp | Fluor | ND | PL | 20G/25 G | C | Dis | Physiatrist | P | No | Yes | Yes | ND | |
| Kumar et al41 | ID | AT-MSC, HA | Fluor | Yes | PL | 22 G | C | CT scan | Spine surgeon | P | ND | Yes | Yes | 4 h | |
| Levi et al46 | ID | Prp | Fluor | ND | PL | 22G/25 G | C | ND | Physiatrist | P | Yes | Yes | Yes | ND | |
| Pettine et al35 | ID | AT-BMC | Fluor | ND | PL | 22G | C | ND | ND | P | No | Yes | ND | ND | |
| Sainoh et al36 | ID | TNF-α I | Fluor | ND | PL | 22 G | C | RTMF | ND | LD | No | Yes | ND | ND | |
| Noriega et al44 | ND | AL-MSC | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | Radiologists | ND | ND | Yes | ND | ND | |
| Giurazza et al38 | ID | O2-O3 | Fluor, CT | ND | PL, Pv/IL, TF | 18–22 G | C | ND | Radiologists | P | Yes | ND | ND | ND | |
| Pettine et al42 | ID | AT-BMC | Fluor | NDd | PL | 22 G | C | ND | ND | P | No | Yes | No | ND | |
| Nguyen et al34 | ID | Cs | Fluor | ND | PL | 18/22 G | C | ND | Radiologists | LD | No | No | No | ND | |
| Perri et al40 | ID | O2-O3 | CT | ND | Pv/IL | 22 G | C | CT | Neuroradiologists | P | No | Yes | Yes | ND | |
Note: *A pillow was placed under the waist of patients.
Abbreviations: AL- MSC, allogenic mesenchymal stem cells; AL, anterolateral; AT-BMC, autologous bone marrow concentrate; AT-MSC, adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells; Aw S, awake sedation; BM, blue methylene; C, center of the disc; Cs, corticosteroid; CTh, central third of the disc; Dis, discography; DP, deep sedation; EL, extraspinal lateral; Ep, epidural; Fluor, fluoroscopy; FS, fibrin sealant; G, gauge; h, hours; HA, hyaluronic acid; HyD, hypertonic dextrose; ID, intradiscal injection; IDHP, intradiscal high pressure injection; L, lateral; LA, local anesthesia; LD, lateral decubitus; MED, microendoscopic discectomy; min, minutes; MPHD, mid portion of herniated disc; MSC, mesenchymal stem cells; ND, not described; NeuroR, neuroradiologists; Oz, ozone; P, prone; PG, periganglionic injection; PL, posterolateral; PO, posterior-oblique; PR, periradicular injection; Prp, platelet-rich plasma; Pv/IL, paravertebral/interlaminar; PvO, paravertebral-oblique; Radiol, radiologists; RTMF, real-time multiplanar fluoroscopic imaging; SNRB, selective nerve block; Songm, Songmelie; TF, transforaminal; TNF-α I, tumor nerosis factor-α.