Table 1.
Patient characteristics.
| All patients (n = 1331) |
DM type 1 (N = 173) |
DM type 2 (N = 177) |
CKD (N = 138) |
COPDb (N = 187) |
Heart failurec (N = 200) |
HIV (n = 201) |
SOT (n = 255) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Personal data | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % |
| Median age, years (range) | 62 (18–94) | 44 (18–83) | 67 (31–91) | 73 (21–91) | 65 (29–94) | 71.5 (32–91) | 46(18–75) | 60 (19–87) |
| Age | ||||||||
| < 40 years | 13.3 | 38.7 | 1.7 | 3.6 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 30.9 | 14.5 |
| 40-64 years | 43.8 | 46.8 | 40.1 | 19.6 | 45.5 | 27.5 | 64.2 | 52.9 |
| ≥ 65 years | 42.9 | 14.5 | 58.2 | 76.8 | 54.0 | 71.5 | 5.0 | 32.6 |
| Female gender | 33.7 | 46.8 | 35.6 | 34.8 | 32.6 | 30.5 | 26.4 | 32.2 |
| Origin | ||||||||
| Belgian | 85.5 | 86.7 | 91.5 | 96.4 | 91.4 | 92.5 | 58.2 | 86.3 |
| European | 8.1 | 8.1 | 6.2 | 3.6 | 7.5 | 4.5 | 10.0 | 13.7 |
| Non-European | 6.4 | 5.2 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 3.0 | 31.8 | 0.0 |
| Educational degreea (years of study) | ||||||||
| Lower education (<12 years) | 36.7 | 11.6 | 52.5 | 50.7 | 42.8 | 50.0 | 22.4 | 31.4 |
| Secondary education (12 years) | 33.6 | 42.8 | 25.4 | 29.7 | 35.3 | 28.0 | 38.3 | 34.5 |
| Higher education (>12 years) | 28.8 | 45.7 | 22.0 | 18.1 | 21.9 | 19.5 | 38.3 | 32.5 |
| Unknown education | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 1.6 |
| Employed (full + part time) | 67.8 | 80.9 | 75.7 | 69.6 | 66.3 | 65.0 | 70.6 | 53.3 |
| Net monthly family income | ||||||||
| <1500 euro | 23.1 | 13.3 | 22.6 | 23.2 | 27.4 | 30.0 | 26.4 | 18.8 |
| 1500-3000 euro | 46.8 | 49.7 | 59.9 | 42.8 | 46.2 | 44.0 | 36.3 | 49.0 |
| >3000 euro | 19.3 | 36.4 | 13.0 | 10.9 | 8.1 | 14.0 | 32.3 | 18.8 |
| Unknown income | 10.8 | 0.6 | 4.5 | 23.2 | 18.3 | 12.0 | 5.0 | 13.3 |
| Civil status: married/cohabitation | 69.0 | 71.7 | 71.2 | 70.3 | 70.6 | 66.5 | 57.2 | 74.9 |
| Physical activity | ||||||||
| Never | 22.5 | 25.4 | 32.8 | 42.0 | 13.4 | 28.5 | 16.9 | 9.4 |
| Occasionally (≤2 times/week) | 15.6 | 30.6 | 24.9 | 18.8 | 2.1 | 8.0 | 16.4 | 12.2 |
| Frequently (>3 times/week) | 62.0 | 43.9 | 42.4 | 39.1 | 84.5 | 63.5 | 66.7 | 78.4 |
| Smoking | ||||||||
| No smoking | 38.7 | 55.5 | 40.7 | 44.2 | 4.3 | 35.5 | 48.8 | 42.7 |
| Smoker | 15.0 | 17.3 | 17.5 | 12.3 | 17.1 | 9.5 | 28.4 | 5.1 |
| Ex-smoker | 46.4 | 27.2 | 41.8 | 43.5 | 78.6 | 55.0 | 22.9 | 52.2 |
| Alcohol use | ||||||||
| No | 50.7 | 48.6 | 59.9 | 58.0 | 57.8 | 45.5 | 33.8 | 54.1 |
| Occasionally (1–7 glasses/week) | 37.0 | 35.8 | 27.7 | 31.2 | 22.5 | 45.0 | 51.2 | 40.4 |
| Frequently (>7 glasses/week) | 12.3 | 15.6 | 12.4 | 10.9 | 19.8 | 9.5 | 14.9 | 5.5 |
| Disease data | ||||||||
| Comorbidity | 44.9 | 9.2 | 47.5 | 64.5 | 73.3 | 47.0 | 31.3 | 44.7 |
| Years since diagnosis/transplantation (median (range)) | 8 (0–64) | 17.5 (0–59) | 11 (0–64) | 4.5 (1–57) | 6 (0–39) | 6 (0–60) | 8 (0–46) | 7 (1–29) |
aEducational degree: Lower Education = no secondary school diploma, Secondary education = secondary school diploma achieved, Higher education = university of university college diploma achieved.
b Patients were classified in categories of disease severity according to Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) GOLD stages: 19.3% had GOLD stage A, 23.0% GOLD stage B, 10.2% GOLD stage C and 47.6% GOLD stage D. The severity of symptoms is measured with the Modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale (mMRC) and the COPD Assessment Test (CAT). Patients with GOLD A and B are at low risk (0–1 exacerbation per year, not requiring hospitalization), GOLD C and D are high risk patients (≥2 exacerbations per year, or one or more requiring hospitalization). GOLD A and C have few symptoms (mMRC 0–1 or CAT <10), GOLD B and D have more symptoms (mMRC≥ 2 or CAT≥ 10).23
c Patients were classified in categories of disease severity according to New York Heart Classification (NYHA): 25.5% had class I (no limitation in ordinary physical activity), 33.0% class II (Mild symptoms and slight limitation during ordinary activity and comfortable at rest), 36.0% had class III (Marked limitation in activity due to symptoms, even during less-than-ordinary activity and comfortable only at rest) and 5.0% had class IV (severe limitations and experiences symptoms even while at rest).24,25
COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CKD: chronic kidney disease, DM: Diabetes mellitus, SOT: Solid organ transplantation.