Table 2.
Multivariable logistic analysis of factors associated with a definite intention to take the COVID-19 vaccine (N = 1159).
| Univariate analysis |
Multivariable logistic regression |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Yes, Definitely (n = 559) |
Yes, probably/possibly and Definitely/probably not (n = 600) |
p-value | Yes, definitely vs. Yes, probably/possibly and Definitely/probably not OR (95% CI) |
|
| Demographics | |||||
| Age group (years) | |||||
| 18–30 | 366 (31.6) | 174 (47.5) | 192 (52.5) | ||
| 31–40 | 374 (32.3) | 193 (51.6) | 181 (48.4) | 0.304 | |
| 41–50 | 245 (21.1) | 117 (47.8) | 128 (52.2) | ||
| >50 | 174 (15.0) | 75 (43.1) | 99 (56.9) | ||
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 394 (34.0) | 215 (54.6) | 179 (45.4) | 0.002 | 1.44 (1.11–1.87)** |
| Female | 765 (66.0) | 344 (45.0) | 421 (55.0) | Reference | |
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Malay | 546 (47.1) | 286 (52.4) | 260 (47.6) | 1.12 (0.46–2.75) | |
| Chinese | 513 (44.3) | 224 (43.7) | 289 (56.3) | 0.029 | 0.83 (0.34–2.02) |
| Indian | 58 (5.0) | 26 (44.8) | 32 (55.2) | 0.91 (0.32–2.57) | |
| Bumiputera Sabah/Sarawak/Others | 42 (3.6) | 23 (54.8) | 19 (45.2) | Reference | |
| Highest education level | |||||
| Secondary and below | 116 (10.0) | 48 (41.4) | 68 (58.6) | 0.142 | |
| Tertiary | 1043 (90.0) | 511 (49.0) | 532 (51.0) | ||
| Occupation category | |||||
| Professional and managerial | 643 (55.5) | 321 (49.9) | 322 (50.1) | ||
| General worker | 236 (20.4) | 116 (49.2) | 120 (50.8) | ||
| Student | 99 (8.5) | 45 (45.5) | 54 (54.5) | 0.325 | |
| Housewife/Retired/Unemployed/Others | 181 (15.6) | 77 (42.5) | 104 (57.5) | ||
| Average monthly household income (MYR) | |||||
| <2000 | 143 (12.3) | 60 (42.0) | 83 (58.0) | ||
| 2001–4000 | 229 (19.8) | 106 (46.3) | 123 (53.7) | 0.217 | |
| 4001–8000 | 390 (33.6) | 188 (48.2) | 202 (51.8) | ||
| >8000 | 397 (34.3) | 205 (51.6) | 192 (48.4) | ||
| Location | |||||
| Urban | 862 (74.4) | 426 (49.4) | 436 (50.6) | 0.178 | |
| Suburban/Rural | 297 (25.6) | 133 (44.8) | 164 (55.2) | ||
| Diagnosed with chronic diseases | |||||
| Yes | 125 (10.8) | 63 (50.4) | 62 (49.6) | 0.636 | |
| No | 1034 (89.2) | 496 (48.0) | 538 (52.0) | ||
| Perceived overall health | |||||
| Very good | 197 (17.0) | 108 (54.8) | 89 (45.2) | ||
| Good | 654 (56.4) | 306 (46.8) | 348 (53.2) | 0.126 | |
| Fair/Poor | 308 (26.6) | 145 (47.1) | 163 (52.9) | ||
| Known any friends, neighbors and colleagues infected by COVID-19 | |||||
| Yes | 248 (21.4) | 137 (55.2) | 111 (44.8) | 0.015 | 1.25 (0.92–1.69) |
| No | 911 (78.6) | 422 (46.3) | 489 (53.7) | Reference | |
| Health belief | |||||
| Perceived susceptibility | |||||
| My chance of getting COVID-19 in the next few months is great | |||||
| Agree | 687 (59.3) | 364 (53.0) | 323 (47.0) | p < .001 | 1.18 (0.90–1.56) |
| Disagree | 472 (40.7) | 195 (41.3) | 277 (58.7) | Reference | |
| I am worried about the likelihood of getting COVID-19 | |||||
| Agree | 990 (85.4) | 502 (50.7) | 488 (49.3) | p < .001 | 1.32 (0.88–1.99) |
| Disagree | 169 (14.6) | 57 (33.7) | 112 (66.3) | Reference | |
| Getting COVID-19 is currently a possibility for me. | |||||
| Agree | 652 (56.3) | 350 (53.7) | 302 (46.3) | p < .001 | 1.36 (1.04–1.79)* |
| Disagree | 507 (43.7) | 209 (41.2) | 298 (58.8) | Reference | |
| Perceived severity | |||||
| Complications from COVID-19 are serious | |||||
| Agree | 1107 (95.5) | 545 (49.2) | 562 (50.8) | 0.001 | 1.63 (0.80–3.35) |
| Disagree | 52 (4.5) | 14 (26.9) | 38 (73.1) | Reference | |
| I will be very sick if I get COVID-19 | |||||
| Agree | 903 (77.9) | 458 (50.7) | 445 (49.3) | 0.002 | 1.38 (0.99–1.90) |
| Disagree | 256 (22.1) | 101 (39.5) | 155 (60.5) | Reference | |
| I am afraid of getting COVID-19 | |||||
| Agree | 1060 (91.5) | 527 (49.7) | 533 (50.3) | 0.001 | 1.24 (0.73–2.10) |
| Disagree | 99 (8.5) | 32 (32.3) | 67 (67.7) | Reference | |
| Perceived benefits | |||||
| Vaccination is a good idea because it makes me feel less worried about catching COVID-19 | |||||
| Agree | 1093 (94.3) | 547 (50.0) | 546 (50.0) | p < .001 | 2.19 (1.03–4.65)* |
| Disagree | 66 (5.7) | 12 (18.2) | 54 (81.8) | Reference | |
| Vaccination decreases my chance of getting COVID-19 or its complications | |||||
| Agree | 1096 (94.6) | 547 (49.9) | 549 (50.1) | p < .001 | 2.51 (1.19–5.26)* |
| Disagree | 63 (5.4) | 12 (19.0) | 51 (81.0) | Reference | |
| Perceived barriers | |||||
| Worry the possible side-effects of COVID-19 vaccination would interfere with my usual activities | |||||
| Agree | 894 (77.1) | 403 (45.1) | 491 (54.9) | p < .001 | Reference |
| Disagree | 265 (22.9) | 156 (58.9) | 109 (41.1) | 1.81 (1.34–2.44)*** | |
| I am concern about the efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccination | |||||
| Agree | 1128 (97.3) | 543 (48.1) | 585 (51.9) | 0.720 | |
| Disagree | 31 (2.7) | 16 (51.6) | 15 (48.4) | ||
| I am concern about the safety of the COVID-19 vaccination | |||||
| Agree | 1116 (96.3) | 536 (48.0) | 580 (52.0) | 0.535 | |
| Disagree | 43 (3.7) | 23 (53.5) | 20 (46.5) | ||
| I am concern of my affordability (high cost) of getting the COVID-19 vaccination | |||||
| Agree | 1026 (88.5) | 488 (47.6) | 538 (52.4) | 0.231 | |
| Disagree | 133 (11.5) | 71 (53.4) | 62 (46.6) | ||
| I am concern if the new COVID-19 vaccine is halal | |||||
| Agree | 606 (52.3) | 299 (49.3) | 307 (50.7) | 0.445 | |
| Disagree | 553 (47.7) | 260 (47.0) | 293 (53.0) | ||
| Cues to action | |||||
| I will only take the COVID-19 vaccine if I was given adequate information about it | |||||
| Agree | 1136 (98.0) | 547 (48.2) | 589 (51.8) | 0.834 | |
| Disagree | 23 (2.0) | 12 (52.2) | 11 (47.8) | ||
| I will only take the COVID-19 vaccine if the vaccine is taken by many in the public | |||||
| Agree | 861 (74.3) | 395 (45.9) | 466 (54.1) | 0.007 | Reference |
| Disagree | 298 (25.7) | 164 (55.0) | 134 (45.0) | 1.49 (1.12–1.98)** | |
*p < 0.05**p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
Hosmer–Lemeshow test, chi-square: 10.761, p-value: 0.216; Nagelkerke R2: 0.119.