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The regulation of CDXs in GIM induced by Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway. H. pylori infection promotes the phosphorylation of SMAD1/5/8 and forms a complex with SMAD4, the complex is further transferred from the cytoplasm to the nucleus to regulate the transcription of CDX2. RUNX3 is also involved in the regulation of CDXs, abnormal cytoplasmic localization of RUNX3 caused by phosphorylation prevents it from exerting biological effects.
