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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Immunol. 2020 Apr 13;66:14–21. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.02.007

Figure 1. Pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis.

Figure 1.

Epidermal barrier defects, cutaneous dysbiosis, and immune dysregulation play important roles in the pathophysiology of AD. TSLP, IL-25, IL-33, and ILC2 induce production of Th2, Th17, and Th22 cytokines directly or indirectly. TSLP activates antigen presenting cells, dendritic cells, basophil, and ILC2 to produce Th2 and Th17 cytokines. IL-26 from Th17 cells induces production of IL-4, IL-13, IL-17A, and IL-33.

Abbreviations: AMPs, antimicrobial peptides; ILC2, type 2 innate lymphoid cell; Th2, T helper type 2; Th17, T helper type 17; Th22, T helper type 22; TJ, tight junction; TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoietin.