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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Mar 23.
Published in final edited form as: Nature. 2020 Sep 23;586(7828):281–286. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2745-3

Fig. 1|. Depletion of the maternal microbiome impairs fetal thalamocortical axonogenesis.

Fig. 1|

a, Differentially-expressed genes in E14.5 brains from SPF and ABX dams (Two-tailed Wald, p<0.05, n=3 dams). Axonogenesis-related genes are highlighted. b, Netrin-G1a (magenta) and L1 (cyan) in E14.5 brains from SPF, ABX and GF dams. Scale=500 μm. Yellow lines=control ROIs. c, Netrin-G1a fluorescence per matched control ROI in E14.5 brain sections. (Two-way ANOVA+Tukey’s, n=5 offspring from different dams). d, L1 fluorescence per matched control ROI in E14.5 brain sections (Two-way ANOVA+Tukey’s, n=5 offspring from different dams). e, Netrin-G1a in whole E14.5 brains. Scale=100μm. Th=thalamus, IC=internal capsule. Dotted line=axon bundle circumference. In whole E14.5 brains, Netrin-G1a+ axonal: f, volume, g, length, h, distance from rostral tip to cortex, and i, circumference of the bundle at internal capsule. (SPF-ABX: One-way ANOVA+Tukey’s, SPF-GF: one-tailed Mann-Whitney, n=5 offspring from different dams). j, TUJ1+ axons from i) SPF Th+SPF St, ii) ABX Th+ABX St, iii) SPF Th+ABX St, iv) ABX Th+SPF St. Scale=250 μm. k, Axons/200 μm2 surface area proximal to St, normalized to Th monoculture. (Two-way ANOVA+Tukey’s, n=14, 20, 9, 10). l, Length of thalamic axons proximal to St, normalized to Th monoculture. (Two-way ANOVA+Tukey’s, n=14, 20, 9, 10). Behavior in adult offspring of SPF, ABX, and GF dams: m, force filament to induce 50% paw withdrawal (One-way ANOVA+Tukey’s, n = 5, 7, 7 dams), n, latency to contact the adhesive (One-way ANOVA+Tukey’s, n = 6, 6, 7 dams), and o, latency to remove the adhesive after first contact (One-way ANOVA+Tukey’s, n = 6, 6, 7 dams). Mean±SEM, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001, n.s.=not statistically significant.