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. 2020 Sep 30;11:565257. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.565257

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Copyright © 2020 Pagel, Twisselmann, Rausch, Waschina, Hartz, Steinbeis, Olbertz, Nagel, Steinmetz, Faust, Demmert, Göpel, Herting, Rupp and Härtel.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Phenotyping of Tregs (A) from preterm infants revealed an increased proliferation [Ki67+(C)] and activation [HLA-DR+ (E) and CCR6+ (F)] on day 4–10 of life, when the Treg peak was also detected under physiological conditions. In addition, naïve CD45RA+ (B), proliferating Ki67+ (C) and HELIOS+ (D) Tregs of preterm infants were significantly increased compared to adult Tregs, whereas the activation marker expression of HLA-DR (E), CCR6 (F), and CD39 (G) was reduced on preterm Tregs. CTLA-4 (H) expression on Tregs did not show differences. The gating strategy is depicted in Figure 1 (n = 23, ANOVA followed by Šidák-Holm, p-values are presented in the figure).