Table 3.

Summary table of quantitative methods for application of immunoassay for protein determination in the human urine matrix (unless otherwise stated in the method section). CV (coefficient of variation) parameters are taken from maximum readings, for Recovery – the range is given.

Method	Reagent for detection (if any)	Analyte	The limit of detection, LOD	Range	Analytical and experimental parameters	Reference
Fluoroimmunoassay	Fluorescein isothiocyanate	HSA	0.5 mg/L	0.5–20 mg/L (linear R2 = 0.99)	Total time for experiment 4–6 h Recovery 105 ± 7%	19 Chavers et al., 1984 [113]
Immunoturbidimetry	No reagent	HSA	4 mg/L	4–35.5 mg/L (linear)	Time so screen 15 min Recovery 95%–104%	20 Lloyd et al., 1987 [114]
Immunonephelometry	No reagent	HSA	0.34 mg/L	0.34–43.0 mg/L (detectable)	Automated version 240 samples an hour CV (intraassay) 6% CV (interassay) 9%	21 Marre et al., 1987 [115]
Immunoturbidimetry	No reagent	HSA	2 mg/L	2–260 mg/L (detectable)	CV (interassay) 4.8%	22 Bakker et al., 1988 [116]
Chemiluminescence	Acridinium ester	HSA	0.01 mg/L	0.3–10 mg/L (detectable)	Recovery 90–106%	23 Horton et al., 1989 [117]
Radioimmunoassay	Na125I	HSA	0.015 mg/L	1.18–14.96 mg/L (detectable)	Recovery 90–106%	24 Horton et al., 1989 [117]
Time resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer	Europium chelate (donor)/cyanine 5 (acceptor)	HSA	5.5 mg/L	10–320 mg/L (detectable)	Experiment time 12 min Recovery 103–122% CV (within-run) 6.9–10% CV (between-run) 7.5–13%	25 Qin et al., 2003 [118]
Chemiluminescence enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on Avidin–biotin	4-methoxy4-(3-phosphatephenyl)-spiro-(1,2-dioxetane-3,2 -adamantane) (AMPPD) to detect enzyme activity	HSA	0.089 mg/L	0.15–15 mg/L (linear R2 = 0.9902)	Low usage of antibody CV (intra-assay) 10.7% CV (inter-assay) 15% Recovery 112%	26 Zhao et al., 2005 [119]
Chemiluminescence enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC)	4-methoxy4-(3-phosphatephenyl)-spiro-(1,2-dioxetane-3,2 -adamantane) (AMPPD) to detect enzyme activity	HSA	0.089 mg/L	0.15–15 mg/L (linear R2 = 0.9906	CV (intra-assay) 10.5% CV (inter-assay) 11.9% Recovery 109%	27 Zhao et al., 2005 [119]
Magnetic two-site immunoassay	Dextran-coated nanoscaled to detect magnetic permeability	HSA	5 mg/L	0–400 mg/L (linear)	Experiment time 6.5 min CV 11%	28 Lu et al., 2006 [120]
Capillary electrophoresis immunoassay with spectrophotometric detection	Hydroxylamine	HSA	0.60 mg/L	0–6.67 mg/L (detectable)	Voltage 12 kV Recovey 91–160%	29 Giovannoli et al., 2007 [66]
Electrochemical immunosensor	Fe3O4/Au colloid -modified gold electrode	NMP22 Nuclear Matrix Protein 22	5·10−4 mg/L	1.2·10−3-0.2 mg/L (linear, R2 = 0.9932)	CV 3.9%	30 Ning et al., 2007 [121]
Resonance scattering (RS) spectral immunoassay	Cu2O for RS	HSA	7.2·10−6 mg/L	1.4·10−5–4.3·10−4 mg/L	CV 4.5% Recovery 92.1–106.8%	31 Jiang et al., 2009 [122]
Fluoroimmunoassay, a quantum-dot (QS) optical immunosensor (the buffer matrix)	CdSe/ZnS QS	HSA	0.032 mg/L	0.2–200 mg/L (detectable)	Low cost immunosensor.	32 Tu et al., 2012 [123]
Time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer immunoassay	Europium based oligonucleotides (donor)/oligonucleotide(acceptor)	HSA	0.0039 mg/L	0.0039–0.5 mg/L (linear) 0.0039–1 mg/L (detectable)	Experiment time 40 min Tested in serum, salive, urine CV 3%	33 Wang et al., 2012 [124]
Chemiluminescence lateral flow immunoassay	Luminol/enhancer/H2O2 with silicon photosensor	HSA	2.5 mg/L	2.5–850 mg/L (detectable)	CV 20% Recovery 85–112%	34 Zangheri et al., 2016 [125]
Amperometric immunosensor (the buffer matrix)	Carbon nanotubes/gold nanoparticles screenprinted electrodes	p53 protein	6.1·10−4 mg/L	8.4·10−4-0.437 mg/L (linear)	CV 10% Recovery 84–144%	35 Giannetto et al., 2017 [126]
Piezoelectric immunosensor, label-free immunoassay	Quartz crystal coated with a silver electrode	HSA	0.0095 mg/L	0.1–100 mg/L	Diagnostic sensitivity 98.7% Diagnostic specificity 100%	36 Theansun et al., 2017 [127]
Time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay	Europium (III) and samarium (III)	cystatin-C	1.26 10−3 mg/L	0.42 10−3-0.9563 mg/L (linear, R2 = 0.9991)	Recovery 99.36% CV 3.2–5.9% (inter) CV 3.4–6.3% (intra)	37 Liu et al., 2017 [128]
Time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay	Europium (III) and samarium (III)	β2-microglobulin	2.13 10−3 mg/L	0.86 10−3-0.9754 mg/L (linear, R2 = 0.9998)	Recovery 100.18% CV 3.0–6.8% (inter) CV 3.1–8.4% (intra)	38 Liu et al., 2017 [128]
Chemiluminescence immunoassay	Magnetic microparticles using carboxylic acid groups, acridinium	monomeric laminin-γ2	1.0 10−5 mg/L	1.0 10−5-0.02 mg/L (detectable)	Recovery 82.3–96.2%	39 Nakagawa et al., 2017 [129]
Fluoroimmunoassay, optical microchips	Streptavidin-fusion based variants	HSA	0.65 mg/L		Limit of quantification 2 mg/L	40 Semeradtova et al., 2018 [130]
Electrochemical ELISA	Gold sensor chips with a hair comb design	CFHR1 complement factor H-related 1	1.29 10−3 mg/L	1 10−3-0.01 mg/L (linear)		41 Arya et al., 2018 [131]
Electrochemical ELISA	Gold sensor chips with a hair comb design	NUMA1 nuclear mitotic apparatus protein 1	0.97 10−3 mg/L	1 10−3-0.1 mg/L (linear)		42 Arya et al., 2018 [131]
Electrochemical immunosensor	Gold nanoparticles-platinum nanoparticles-metal organic frameworks	NMP22 nuclear matrix protein 22	1.7·10−6 mg/L	5·10−6-5·10−4 mg/L (linear, R2 = 0.9833) 5·10−4-0.02 mg/L (linear, R2 = 0.9909)	CV 1.93% Recovery 96%–106%	43 Zhao et al., 2019 [110]
Fluoroimmunoassay, graphene oxide-mediated fluorescence quenching aptasensor	87-nucleotide ssDNA as aptamer	HSA	0.05 mg/L	0.1–14.0 mg/L (detectable)	Cheap 0.3$ per reaction	44 Chawjiraphan et al., 2020 [132]
Enzyme fluroimmunoassay, sandwich-type ultramicroELISA	4-methylumbelliferil phosphate/diethanolamine-Hcl/sodium azide	HSA	1.44·10−3 mg/L	1.44·10−3-0.2 mg/L (detectable)	CV 3.98–4.35% (intra) CV 7.59–8.92% (inter) Recovery 94.26–98.50% Time 1.5 h	45 Valle et al., 2020 [62]