Table 4.
Summary table of quantitative methods for application of fluorescence spectroscopy for protein determination in the human urine matrix (unless otherwise stated in the method section). CV(coefficient of variation) parameters are taken from maximum readings, for Recovery – the range is given.
| Method | Fluorophore | Analyte | The limit of detection, LOD | Range | Analytical and experiment parameters | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fluoroimmunoassay FIA | Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) | HSA | 0.5 mg/L | 0.5–20 mg/L (linear R2 = 0.99) | Total time for experiment 4–6 h Recovery 105 ± 7% | 47 Chavers et al., 1984 [113] |
| HPLC high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection | 8-anilino-1-naphtalenesulfonic acid | HSA | 0.2 mg/L | 0.2–400 mg/L (linear, R2 0.998) Recovery 94.5 ± 3.8% | Retention time for HSA 16.0 min TSK gel G2000 SWXL column | 48 Ishida et al., 1996 [76] |
| Time resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer | Europium chelate (donor)/cyanine 5 (acceptor) | HSA | 5.5 mg/L | 10–320 mg/L (detectable) | Experiment time 12 min Recovery 103–122% CV (within-run) 6.9–10% CV (between-run) 7.5–13% | 49 Qin et al., 2003 [118] |
| Spectrofluorimetry | 4-dimethylamino-2,5-dihydroxychalcone (DMADHC) | HSA | 0.5 mg/L | 1–95 mg/L (linear, R2 = 0.99) | CV 1.15% Recovery 95.6–103.0% | 50 Xu et al., 2005 [137] |
| Chemiluminescence enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on fluorescein-isothiocyanate FITC | 4-methoxy4-(3-phosphatephenyl)-spiro-(1,2-dioxetane-3,2 -adamantane) (AMPPD) to detect enzyme activity | HSA | 0.089 mg/L | 0.15–15 mg/L (linear R2 = 0.9906 | CV (intra-assay) 10.5% CV (inter-assay) 11.9% Recovery 109% | 51 Zhao et al., 2005 [119] |
| Capillary electrophoresis immunoassay with fluorescence detection (the buffer matrix) | Fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate (FITC) | HSA | 0.6 mg/L | 0.6–6.67 mg/L (quantification range) | Voltage 12–15 kV Recovery 91–160% | 52 Giovannoli et al., 2007 [66] |
| Synchronous fluorescence determination | triphenylmethane acid dye methyl blue | HSA | 0.03 mg/L | 0.03–266.0 mg/L (linear, R2 = 0.9974) 266.0–665.0 mg/L (linear, R2 = 0.9911) |
Recovery 99.0–103.3% CV 2.3% | 53 Hou et al., 2007 [138] |
| Synchronous fluorescence determination | 5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) | HSA | 0.552 mg/L | 1.60–414 mg/L (linear) | Recovery 100.6–103.7% CV 1.26% | 54 Cui et al., 2008 [139] |
| Spectrofluorimetry | CdS (core)/SiO2 (nanoparticles) | BSA | 0.18 mg/L | 0.6–30 mg/L (linear, 0.9998) | Recovery 94–105% CV 2.1% | 55 Zhu et al., 2009 [140] |
| Synchronous fluorescence determination (the buffer matrix) | Methylen blue | BSA | 0.0089 mg/L | 0.08–40 mg/L (linear, R2 = 0.998) | CV 1.7% | 56 Liu et al., 2010 [141] |
| Spectrofluorimetry (the human plasma) | Terbium-danofloxacin (Tb3+-Dano) | HSA | 5.4 mg/L | 13.3–66.5 mg/L (linear, R2 = 0.9899) | CV (intra-assay) 6.44% CV (inter-assay) 8.08% Recovery 94.3–97.8% | 57 Ramezani et al., 2012 [142] |
| Spectrofluorimetry immunoassay (the buffer matrix) | CdSe/ZnS quantum dots | HSA | 0.032 mg/L | 0.2–200 mg/L (detectable) | NA | 58 Tu et al., 2012 [123] |
| Time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer immunoassay | Europium based oligonucleotides (donor)/oligonucleotide(acceptor) | HSA | 0.0039 mg/L | 0.0039–0.5 mg/L (linear) 0.0039–1 mg/L (detectable) | Experiment time 40 min Tested in serum, saliva, urine CV 3% | 59 Wang et al., 2012 [124] |
| Constant-energy synchronous fluorescence | No fluorescent label | HSA | 0.007 mg/L | 0.1–220 mg/L (linear) | CV 2.2% | 60 Madrakian et al., 2015 [143] |
| Spectrofluorimetry in near infrared region | Based on hemicyanine dye | HSA | 1.74 mg/L | 27–2750 mg/L (linear, R2 = 0.9994) | Recovery 107.23–108.79% CV 1.00% | 61 Li et al., 2016 [144] |
| Spectrofluorimetry | poly(thymine) (poly T)-templated copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) | HSA | 5.45 mg/L | 10–166 mg/L (linear, R2 = 0.9976) | Recovery 97–101% | 62 Chen et al., 2017 [145] |
| Spectrofluorimetry (the human serum matrix) | CuInZnS | HSA | 3 mg/L | 5.0–6650 mg/L | Recovery 87.57–94.39% CV 1.96% | 63 Gui et al., 2017 [146] |
| Spectrofluorimetry in near infrared region | Dicyanomethylene-4H-chromene-derived | HSA | 1.26 mg/L | 1.26–232 mg/L (detectable) | Good agreement with a conventional methods | 64 Rajasekhar et al., 2017 [147] |
| Time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay | Europium (III) and samarium (III) | cystatin-C | 1.26 10−3 mg/L | 0.42 10−3-0.9563 mg/L (linear, R2 = 0.9991) | Recovery 99.36% CV 3.2–5.9% (inter) CV 3.4–6.3% (intra) | 65 Liu et al., 2017 [128] |
| Time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay | Europium (III) and samarium (III) | β2-microglobulin | 2.13 10−3 mg/L | 0.86 10−3-0.9754 mg/L (linear, R2 = 0.9998) | Recovery 100.18% CV 3.0–6.8% (inter) CV 3.1–8.4% (intra) | 66 Liu et al., 2017 [128] |
| Fluoroimmunoassay, optical microchips | Streptavidin-fusion based variants | HSA | 0.65 mg/L | NA | Limit of quantification 2 mg/L | 67 Semeradtova et al., 2018 [130] |
| Fluoroimmunoassay, graphene oxide-mediated fluorescence quenching aptasensor | 87-nucleotide ssDNA as aptamer | HSA | 0.05 mg/L | 0.1–14.0 mg/L (detectable) | Cheap 0.3$ per reaction | 68 Chawjiraphan et al., 2020 [132] |
| Enzyme fluroimmunoassay, sandwich-type ultramicroELISA | 4-methylumbelliferil phosphate/diethanolamine-Hcl/sodium azide | HSA | 1.44·10−3 mg/L | 1.44·10−3-0.2 mg/L (detectable) | CV 3.98–4.35% (intra) CV 7.59–8.92% (inter) Recovery 94.26–98.50% Time 1.5 h | 69 Valle et al., 2020 [62] |