Table 5.
Protein biomarkers in urine. Sensitivity is the percentage of individuals who have a given disorder who are identified by the method as positive for the disorder. Specificity is the percentage of individuals who do not have a given condition who are identified by the method as negative for the condition.
| Method | Urinary Protein Biomarker | Disease | Sensitivity/Specificity | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LC-MRM/MS | Prothrombin | Bladder cancer | 71.1%/75% | Chen et al., 2012 [101] |
| SELDI-TOF-MS | urinary glycopeptides m/z 1201 and 1449 | Endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer | 100%/91.67% | Ak et al., 2016 [175] |
| LC–MS/MS | S100-A9 and Granulins | Hepatocellular carcinoma | NA | Huang et al., 2015 [176] |
| LC-MS/MS | leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein | Ovarian cancer | NA | Smith et al., 2014 [177] |
| MS, labelfree quantitative (LFQ) mass spectrometry, parallel reaction monitoring | LYPD1, LYVE1, PTMA and SCGB1A1 | Ovarian cancer | 92%/78% | Sandow et al., 2018 [178] |
| GeLC-MS/MS analysis, immunoassay – ELISA | LYVE-1, REG1A, and TFF1 | Pancreatic cancer | 76.9%/86.8% | Radon et al., 2015 [171] |
| LC-MS/MS, reaction monitoring, Western Blot | FABP5 | Prostate cancer | 60%/100% | Fujita et al., 2017 [172] |
| LC-MS, immunoassay – ELISA (commercial kits), Western Blot | Flotilin-2, PARK7 | Prostate cancer | 68%/93% (immunoassay) | Wang et al., 2017 [173] |
| CE-TOF-MS | CKD273 | Chronic kidney disease | 33%/83% | Pontillo et al., 2017 [179] |
| CE-MS | mucin-1 | Chronic kidney disease | NA | Zhang et al., 2017 [180] |
| 2D DIGE-MS (2D gel electropheris) | preliminary protein profiling for potential biomarkers | Influenza Virus | NA | Prescott et al., 2010 [181] |
| LC-TOF-MS, immunoassay – ELISA (commercial kits) | α-fetoprotein | Hepatitis B | 90.1%/95.4% | Zhan et al., 2019 [174] |
| Immunoassay | VEGF, IL-8, MMP-9, MMP-7, survivin and Cyfra 21.1 | Bladder cancer | NA | Gogalic et al., 2015 [182] |
| Immunoassay – Western Blot (commercial kits) | FGFR3 and Cyclin D3 | Bladder cancer | 73%/90% | Blanca et al., 2016 [183] |
| Chemiluminescence immunoassay (self made) | monomeric laminin-γ2 | Bladder cancer | 72%/92% | Nakagawa et al., 2017 [129] |
| Immunoassay – ELISA (commercial kits) | uCyr61 and uTFF3 | Colorectal cancer | 75.5%/69.8% | Shimura et al., 2019 [184] |
| Radioimmunoassay125I (commercial kits) | TGFα and AFP | Hepatocellular carcinoma | 86.7%/NA | Tsai et al., 1997 [185] |
| Immunoassay – Western blot | AQP1 and PLIN2 | Kidney cancer | NA | Morrissey et al., 2015 [186] |
| Multiplex immunoassay (commercial kits) | HE4, CEA, and TTR | Ovarian cancer | 93.7%/70.6% | Lee et al., 2019 [187] |
| 2DE – Western blot (commercial kits) | clusterin, leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein | Ovarian cancer | NA | Mu et al., 2013 [188] |
| Multiplex immunoassay (commercial kits) | HSA, KIM-1, MCP-1 | Chronic kidney disease | NA | Zhang et al., 2018 [189] |
| Immunoassay – ELISA (commercial kits) | EGF | Chronic kidney disease | NA | Ju et al., 2015 [190] |
| Immunoassay – ELISA (commercial kits) | EGF, MCP-1 | Diabetic kidney disease | NA | Wu et al., 2020 [191] |
| Immunoassay | HSA, KIM-1, NGAL and MCP-1 | Diabetic kidney disease | 60%/NA | Nowak et al., 2018 [192] |
| Immunoassay – ELISA (commercial kits) | MCP-1, EGF | Diabetic kidney disease | 75.7%/73.9% | Satirapoj et al., 2018 [193] |
| Immunoassay – ELISA (commercial kits) | AQP5 | Diabetic nephropathy | 85%/88% | Lu et al., 2016 [194] |
| Immunoassay – ELISA (commercial kits) | nonalbumin protein-to-creatinine ratio | Diabetic nephropathy | 92.3%/81.7% | Kim et al., 2017 [195] |
| Solid phase immunoassay (commercial kits) | NGAL, urinary type-IV collagen | Diabetic nephropathy | NA | Gaipov et al., 2019 [196] |
| Immunoassay – ELISA (commercial kits) | β2MG, MCP-1 | Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease | NA | Messchendorp et al., 2018 [197] |
| Immunoassay – ELISA (commercial kits) | HGF | Cardiovascular disease | NA | von Scholten et al., 2016 [198] |
| Immunoassay – ELISA (commercial kits) | EGF, MCP-1 | Glomerulonephritis | NA | Chanrat et al., 2018 [199] |
| Immunoassay – ELISA (commercial kits), immunonephelometry | NGAL, KIM-1, Cystatin-C | Acute kidney injury | NA | Dubin et al., 2018 [200] |
| Multiplexed immunoassay | L.infantum biomarkers: Li-isd1, Li-txn1, and Li-ntf2 L.donovani biomarkers: Ld-mao1, Ld-ppi1 |
Visceral leishmaniasis | 82.2%/100% | Abeijon et al., 2019 [201] |
| Fluorescence emission spectroscopy, synchronous fluorescence excitation spectra | NADH, FAD | Kidney cancer | 90%/90% | Atif et al., 2018 [202] |