Table 1.
Characteristics of the studies included
| Author, year | Country | Participants | Maternal urine sampling time | Outcomes | Study type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wolff et al., 2008[12] | USA | Mothers and infants | Third trimester | Birth weight - birth length - head circumference - gestational age | Cohort study |
| Philippat et al., 2014[18] | France | Mother-son | Second or third trimester | Birth weight - birth length - head circumference | Cohort study |
| Lassen et al., 2016[7] | Denmark | Mothers and infants | Third trimester | Birth weight - birth length - head circumference - abdominal circumference - anogenital distance | Cohort study |
| Ding et al., 2017[4] | China | Mothers and infants | Delivery time | Birth weight - birth length - head circumference - gestational age - ponderal index | Cross-sectional study |
| Etzel et al., 2017[22] | USA | Mothers and infants | Second and third trimesters | Birth weight - birth length - head circumference - gestational age | Cohort study |
| Geer et al., 2017[6] | USA | Mothers and infants | third trimester | Birth weight - birth length - head circumference - gestational age | Cohort study |
| Ferguson et al., 2018[23] | USA | Mothers and infants | Second and/or third trimester | Birth weight - birth length | Cohort study |
| Huo et al., 2018[11] | China | Mothers and infants | Delivery time | Birth weight - birth length - gestational age | Cross-sectional study |
| Lester et al., 2018[10] | Canada | Mothers and infants | First or second trimester | Birth weight - low birth weight - small for gestational age - large for gestational age | Cohort study |
| Messerlian et al., 2018[19] | USA | Mothers and infants | Cannot determine | Birth weight - head circumference | Cohort study |
| Ouyang et al., 2018[20] | China | Mothers and infants | Delivery time | Birth weight - gestational diabetes mellitus | Cross-sectional study |
| Wu et al., 2018[24] | China | Mothers and infants | First, second, and third trimesters | Birth weight - birth length | Cohort study |
| Aker et al., 2019[25] | USA | Mothers and infants | Second and third trimesters | Birth weight - gestational age | Cohort study |
| Philippat et al., 2019[21] | France | Mother-son | Second or third trimester | Placental weight - birth weight - placental-to-birth weight ratio | Cohort study |
| Philippat et al., 2012[26] | Mother-son | First or second or third trimester | Birth weight - birth length - head circumference | Cohort study |