Table 2.
Within-group effects for each training group (PD+FOG and OA) from PRE to POST and PRE to RET, along with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) and effect sizes (dw from t statistic-paired).
| Outcome | Time | TBT | SB75 | SB50 | SBCR | Within/group*time | Group*time post-hoc | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate (95% CI) | dw | Estimate (95% CI) | dw | Estimate (95% CI) | dw | Estimate (95% CI) | dw | P | ||||
| GAIT | DT gait speed (m/s) |
PRE–POST | 0.04 (0.00–0.08) |
0.45† | 0.07 (0.03–0.12) |
0.82† | 0.14 (0.11–0.18) |
2.67‡ | 0.14 (0.09–0.18) |
1.49‡ |
<0.001/ 0.002 |
SB50 > TBT SBCR > TBT |
| PRE–RET | 0.09 (0.06–0.12) |
1.48‡ | 0.13 (0.09–0.17) |
1.56‡ | 0.16 (0.12–0.19) |
2.84‡ | 0.15 (0.10–0.19) |
1.75‡ | SB50 > TBT | |||
| DT gait speed CV (%) |
PRE–POST | −0.6 (−2.8–1.61) |
−0.14 | 0.94 (−0.9–2.80) |
0.21 | −2.5 (−5.1 to −0.0) |
−0.52 | −1.5 (−4.5–1.42) |
−0.23 | <0.001/0.017 | NS | |
| PRE–RET | −3.7 (−5.5 to −1.8) |
−1.00† | −4.2 (−6.2 to −2.3) |
−1.07† | −5.5 (−7.3 to −3.7) |
−1.12‡ | −4.9 (−7.6 to −2.3) |
−0.82† | NS | |||
| DT gait stride length (mm) |
PRE–POST | 5.64 (−22–34.0) |
0.08 | 35.2 (−3.6–74.1) |
0.44† | 96.4 (53.2–139) |
1.20‡ | 103 (68.4–139) |
1.20‡ |
<0.001/ <0.001 |
SB50 > TBT SBCR > TBT |
|
| PRE–RET | 57.6 (31.3–83.9) |
1.20‡ | 124 (88.5–160) |
1.74‡ | 121 (85.6–156) |
1.85‡ | 110 (63.5–157) |
1.16‡ | SB75 > TBT SB50 > TBT |
|||
| DT gait stride length CV (%) |
PRE–POST | −1.1 (−3.0–0.81) |
−0.43† | 1.33 (−0.4–3.12) |
0.35 | −3.0 (−5.9 to −0.2) |
−0.50 | −2.6 (−5.7–0.43) |
−0.38 |
<0.001/ 0.215 |
NS | |
| PRE–RET | −3.6 (−4.4 to −2.8) |
−3.9‡ | −3.9 (−6.0 to −1.7) |
−0.91† | −4.5 (−7.0 to −1.9) |
−0.85† | −3.9 (−7.0 to −0.7) |
−0.60† | NS | |||
| DT gait step width (mm) |
PRE–POST | −5.2 (−8.1 to −2.4) |
−1.2† | −2.1 (−4.0 to −0.2) |
−0.53† | −1.2 (−4.2–1.67) |
−0.24 | −2.5 (−5.6–0.47) |
−0.38 |
0.001/ 0.025 |
NS | |
| PRE–RET | −3.1 (−9.7–3.43) |
−0.26 | −3.2 (−8.6–2.17) |
−0.29 | −6.1 (−12–0.35) |
−0.48† | −0.7 (−8.2–6.65) |
−0.04 | NS | |||
| DT gait step width CV (%) |
PRE–POST | 4.87 (1.20–8.53) |
0.71† | 3.67 (−1.2–8.55) |
0.38 | −8.8 (−13 to −4.5) |
−1.07† | †(−6.3–1.91) | −0.23 |
<0.001/ <0.001 |
SB50 < TBT | |
| PRE–RET | 0.40 (−3.1–3.98) |
0.06 | −8.6 (−11 to −5.7) |
−1.29† | 0.13 (−2.6–2.93) |
0.02 | −3.2 (−6.7–0.21) |
−0.41† | ||||
| TURNING | DT turning speed (°/s) |
PRE–POST | 3.59 (−2.6–9.82) |
0.47 | 3.86 (−3.9–11.6) |
0.27 | 6.01 (0.09–11.9) |
0.50 | 9.87 (5.27–14.4) |
0.97‡ |
<0.001/ 0.025 |
NS |
| PRE–RET | 2.51 (−2.0–7.06) |
0.36 | 7.83 (2.14–13.5) |
0.77† | 7.38 (0.12–14.6) |
0.47 | 11.7 (5.35–18.0) |
0.90† | NS | |||
| DT turning speed CV (%) |
PRE–POST | −0.9 (−1.9 to −0.0) |
−0.49 | −0.1 (−1.1–0.84) |
−0.07 | 0.35 (−0.6–1.32) |
0.22 | −0.8 (−2.0–0.26) |
−0.41 |
0.052/ 0.129 |
||
| PRE–RET | −1.0 (−2.1 to −0.0) |
−0.56 | −0.4 (−2.1–1.22) |
−0.15 | −0.7 (−1.5–0.03) |
−0.49 | −0.6 (−2.9–1.68) |
−0.11 | ||||
| DT peak turning speed (°/s) |
PRE–POST | 2.93 (−6.6–12.4) |
0.20 | 12.1 (1.73–22.4) |
0.67† | 5.85 (−2.3–14.0) |
0.34 | 8.27 (0.54–16.0) |
0.44† |
0.002/ 0.007 |
NS | |
| PRE–RET | 3.68 (−1.0–8.39) |
0.47 | 8.80 (−0.4–18.0) |
0.47† | 12.6 (3.31–22.0) |
0.63† | 18.4 (9.50–27.4) |
1.05† | SBCR > TBT | |||
| DT peak turning speed CV (%) |
PRE–POST | −1.2 (−2.8–0.28) |
−0.47 | 0.92 (−0.4–2.28) |
0.29 | −0.1 (−1.1–0.86) |
−0.06 | 0.08 (−0.9–1.16) |
0.03 | 0.306 0.416 |
||
| PRE–RET | −1.0 (−2.5–0.53) |
−0.44 | −0.0 (−1.4–1.34) |
−0.02 | −0.7 (−1.7–0.30) |
−0.26 | −0.1 (−2.2–1.99) |
−0.02 | ||||
| DT turning jerkiness (m2/s5 * 100) |
PRE–POST | 2.37 (−0.5–5.25) |
0.43 | −0.1 (−1.7–1.48) |
−0.03 | 2.15 (−0.2–4.58) |
0.57 | 1.89 (−0.2–4.06) |
0.40 | |||
| PRE–RET | 1.07 (−2.6–4.83) |
0.15 | −0.6 (−2.8–1.61) |
−0.13 | 1.10 (−1.1–3.39) |
0.26 | 2.32 (0.21–4.42) |
0.44 | ||||
| GAIT STROOP | Gait stroop response time (ms) |
PRE–POST | −2.1 (−50–7.41) |
−0.50 | −1.2 (−48–24.3) |
−0.17 | 0.26 (−31–36.9) |
0.03 | −3.2 (−62 to −2.1) |
−0.50 |
0.005
0.287 |
|
| PRE–RET | −1.0 (−41–21.4) |
−0.16 | −3.9 (−60 to −18) |
−1.00† | −2.5 (−75–24.5) |
−0.25 | −3.6 (−70 to −2.1) |
−0.48 | ||||
| Gait stroop response time CV (%) |
PRE–POST | −1.3 (−2.6 to −0.1) |
−0.53 | −1.7 (−3.3 to −0.2) |
−0.60 | −0.8 (−3.0–1.30) |
−0.19 | −0.5 (−2.2–1.04) |
−0.14 |
<0.001
<0.001 |
NS | |
| PRE–RET | 1.69 (−0.3–3.74) |
0.41 | −2.0 (−3.6 to −0.4) |
−0.60 | −4.2 (−5.4 to −3.0) |
−2.73‡ | −0.1 (−1.6–1.34) |
−0.04 | SB75 < TBT SB50 < TBT |
|||
| Gait stroop accuracy (%correct) |
PRE–POST | 6.78 (3.38–10.1) |
0.92† | 0.84 (−0.4–2.10) |
0.50 | −6.0 (−10 to −1.7) |
−0.73† | 1.23 (−1.1–3.62) |
0.33 |
<0.001
<0.001 |
TBT > SB75 TBT > SB50 TBT > SBCR |
|
| PRE–RET | 2.20 (0.25–4.15) |
0.82† | 3.63 (0.94–6.32) |
0.62† | −1.8 (−9.5–5.77) |
−0.13 | 4.25 (0.96–7.54) |
0.69† | NS | |||
| Gait stroop performance index (%/s) |
PRE–POST | 4.24 (0.36–8.12) |
0.64† | 5.61 (1.98–9.23) |
0.70† | −6.1 (−11 to −1.0) |
−0.60† | 3.92 (−1.3–9.16) |
0.39 |
<0.001
<0.001 |
TBT > SB50 | |
| PRE–RET | −0.1 (−3.0–2.86) |
−0.01 | 6.20 (2.97–9.43) |
0.99† | 0.10 (−9.8–10.0) |
0.00 | 7.85 (1.59–14.1) |
0.56† | SB75 > TBT | |||
| TURNING STROOP | Turning stroop response time (ms) |
PRE–POST | −16 (−41–7.94) |
−0.44 | −36 (−78–5.99) |
−0.41 | −33 (−80–14.3) |
−0.37 | −65 (−107 to −23) |
−0.62† |
<0.001 0.616 |
|
| PRE–RET | −3.6 (−77–3.76) |
−0.45† | −72 (−101 to −43) |
−1.19‡ | −47 (−85 to −9.1) |
−0.79† | −66 (−96 to −36) |
−0.98† | ||||
| Turning stroop response time CV (%) |
PRE–POST | −1.4 (−3.5–0.60) |
−0.40 | −0.1 (−3.0–2.65) |
−0.02 | −1.7 (−3.6–0.06) |
−0.47 | −2.1 (−4.6–0.45) |
−0.33 | 0.308 0.836 |
||
| PRE–RET | 0.63 (−2.2–3.49) |
0.11 | −1.0 (−3.1–1.07) |
−0.23 | −1.4 (−4.7–1.75) |
−0.23 | −1.2 (−3.7–1.32) |
−0.22 | ||||
| Turning stroop accuracy (%correct) |
PRE–POST | 0.50 (−2.7–3.75) |
0.07 | 1.94 (−0.8–4.77) |
0.25 | 3.36 (0.30–6.42) |
0.59 | 0.23 (−4.0–4.49) |
0.03 | 0.310 0.727 |
||
| PRE–RET | 2.06 (−0.6–4.78) |
0.43 | 0.91 (−1.8–3.62) |
0.26 | 0.43 (−3.8–4.71) |
0.05 | 1.36 (−2.3–5.05) |
0.19 | ||||
| Turning stroop performance index (%correct/s) |
PRE–POST | 3.62 (−2.0–9.25) |
0.33 | 5.44 (1.79–9.08) |
0.63† | 5.83 (1.23–10.4) |
0.75† | 4.51 (−2.0–11.0) |
0.31 |
0.002
0.919 |
||
| PRE–RET | 4.74 (−0.0–9.55) |
0.49 | 7.73 (2.47–13.0) |
0.77† | 5.55 (−0.1–11.2) | 0.55 | 7.60 (2.58–12.6) |
0.66† | ||||
Effect size values are reported in the direction of the raw data, not in the direction of expected improvement. F-test probability values testing any within-group change from PRE as well as Group*Time interactions are also reported, along with post-hoc tests for which multiple comparison correction was performed with the False Discovery Rate method (FDR). Statistical significance indicated by†pFDR < 0.05, pFDR < 0.001 or Bold probability values.