TABLE 4.
Longitudinal regression analyses with separate PYD measures at Wave 1 and life satisfaction and hopelessness at Wave 2.
| Predictor | Model 1 |
Model 2 |
|||||||||
| β | t | Cohen’s f2 | R2 change | F change | β | t | Cohen’s f2 | R2 change | F change | ||
| DV: Life satisfaction (Wave 2) | |||||||||||
| Life satisfaction (Wave 1) | 0.37 | 20.19*** | 0.16 | 0.15 | 74.69*** | ||||||
| CBC | 0.20 | 10.55*** | 0.04 | 0.04 | 111.37*** | 0.02 | 0.98 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.95 | |
| PA | 0.18 | 9.24*** | 0.03 | 0.03 | 85.42*** | –0.00 | –0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
| PI | 0.04 | 10.53*** | 0.04 | 0.04 | 110.89*** | 0.03 | 10.32 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.75 | |
| GPYD | 0.27 | 14.32*** | 0.02 | 0.08 | 205.00*** | 0.07 | 3.16* | 0.00 | 0.00 | 10.01 | |
| TPYD | 0.27 | 13.92*** | 0.08 | 0.07 | 193.67*** | 0.06 | 2.42* | 0.00 | 0.00 | 5.85* | |
| DV: Hopelessness (Wave 2) | |||||||||||
| Hopelessness (Wave 1) | 0.32 | 17.05*** | 0.11 | 0.12 | 58.07*** | ||||||
| CBC | –0.18 | −9.18*** | 0.03 | 0.03 | 84.28*** | –0.15 | −8.31*** | 0.03 | 0.02 | 68.97*** | |
| PA | –0.17 | −8.93*** | 0.03 | 0.03 | 79.78*** | –0.14 | −7.73*** | 0.02 | 0.02 | 59.75*** | |
| PI | –0.15 | −7.61*** | 0.02 | 0.02 | 57.86*** | –0.12 | −6.47*** | 0.02 | 0.01 | 41.80*** | |
| GPYD | –0.22 | −11.41*** | 0.05 | 0.04 | 130.15*** | –0.18 | −9.58*** | 0.04 | 0.03 | 91.84*** | |
| TPYD | –0.23 | −11.90*** | 0.05 | 0.05 | 141.66*** | –0.19 | −10.22*** | 0.04 | 0.03 | 104.48*** | |
Control variables were statistically controlled in first block, and predictors were included in the model separately. CBC, Cognitive-behavioral competence; PI, Positive identity; PA, Prosocial attributes; GPYD, General positive youth development qualities; TPYD, Total positive youth development qualities. *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001.