Figure 4.

Mitochondrial dysfunction related to oxidative and/or nitrosative stress that is in turn associated with amyloid β-peptide oligomer inserted in the mitochondrial membranes. Consequences of these oxidative or nitrosative stress-mediated dysfunction include, among others, decreased levels of ATP production, decreased levels of metabolites, decreased levels of antioxidant defense, and an increased mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) transport of cytochrome c, all of which are highly detrimental to both mitochondria and consequently neurons. See text for more details.