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. 2020 Sep 22;9(9):902. doi: 10.3390/antiox9090902

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Role of caffeine in the management of neurodegeneration. The rescuing effects of caffeine against neurotoxins and age-related neurodegeneration. Caffeine suppresses the expression of the A2A receptor and upregulates the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2), thereby regulating the inflammatory mediators (phospho-c-Jun n-terminal kinase (p-JNK), phospho-nuclear factor-kappa B (p-NF-kB)), apoptotic markers (cytochrome C, and caspase-3), synaptic dysfunctions, and neurodegeneration. Green arrows are used for the beneficial effects of caffeine. The arrows with white background are showing the inducing effects.