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. 2020 Sep 22;9(9):902. doi: 10.3390/antiox9090902

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Role of A2A receptor and Nrf-2 in the pathophysiology of PD. MPTP, 6-OHDA, α-synuclein, and other PD-inducing toxins induce oxidative stress, consequently downregulating the expression of Nrf-2 and upregulating the expression of the A2A receptor. Elevated oxidative stress and the activation of the A2A receptor trigger neuroinflammation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration. , used for inhibition, the pointing arrow is used for the induction.

Inline graphic — Role of A2A receptor and Nrf-2 in the pathophysiology of PD. MPTP, 6-OHDA, α-synuclein, and other PD-inducing toxins induce oxidative stress, consequently downregulating the expression of Nrf-2 and upregulating the expression of the A2A receptor. Elevated oxidative stress and the activation of the A2A receptor trigger neuroinflammation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration. , used for inhibition, the pointing arrow is used for the induction.