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. 2020 Aug 26;9(9):792. doi: 10.3390/antiox9090792

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Sulforaphane (SFN) pretreatment reduced the methylglyoxal (MGO)-advanced glycation end product (AGE)-mediated inflammatory cascades in microglial cells. BSA was incubated with MGO (1, 5, 10, and 20 mM) for 8 weeks and formation of MGO-AGEs was determined in a concentration- and time-dependent manner (A). SFN was incubated with AGE to determine its effects on AGE formation and breakdown (B,C). AGE level was measured by using AGE-competitive ELISA assay (D). BV2 cells were treated with various concentrations of MGO-AGEs to determine nitrite production (E), cell viability (F), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) production (G). BV2 cells were pretreated with SFN at 30 min prior to MGO-AGEs (1 mg/mL) stimulation and incubated for 24 h to determine effects of SFN on nitrite production (H), cell viability (I), and AGEs level by AGE-competitive ELISA assay (J). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 indicates significant differences compared with AGE alone, whereas # p < 0.05 and ### p < 0.001 indicate significant differences compared with an untreated control group.