Table 1.

Main groups of genes associated with atopic dermatitis (AD) pathogenesis [5,6,7,9,10,12,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32].

Pathological Process in AD	Example of Genes Involved
Epidermal barrier genes	Filaggrin, filaggrin 2, hornerin Corneodesmosomal genes (desmoglein, desmocollin) and tight junction genes (claudins, ocludins) Epidermal protease genes (kallikreins, cathepsins, caspase 14), and their inhibitors (SPINK5, Cystatin A) OVOL1 (ovo like transcriptional repressor)—transcription factor that regulates FLG expression
Genes of the innate immune mechanisms	TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, TLR9, TLR10, CD14, NOD1 and defensins (DEFB1)
Genes of the adaptive immune mechanism	Genes of receptor subunits for IgE (FcεRI α i FCεRI-¥) Genes of Th2 response: IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL2RA, IL-13RA IL-5RA, TSLPR, IL-4R, IL-18, IL-31 Other genes of Th bias IL17A, TNFα, IL-22 Treg genes: STAT-6, FOXP3, LRRC32
Genes encoding alarmins produced by keratinocytes	IL-25, TSLP, IL-33
Genes regulating DNA methylation	KIF3A
Genes regulating vitamin D pathways	CYP27A1, CYP2R1, VDR