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DDC signaling cascade determines arrest in specific phases of the cell cycle. ATM, DNA-PK, and ATR phosphorylate the downstream kinases CHK2 and CHK1; in turn they activate P53 and WEE1 that, by inhibiting CDK6/4 and CDK1 determine arrest in G1 and G2/S, respectively. CHK1 and CHK2 also inhibit CDC25 phosphatase that does not remove inhibitory phosphate groups from CDK2/4, therefore determining arrest in the S phase.
