Table 3.
Phytochemicals and their application in nanomedicine.
| Phytochemical | Application/Targets | Delivery System |
|---|---|---|
| β-Lapachone | Colon cancer cells, lung [100], prostate, breast cancer cells [101] | PEG-PLA polymer micelles [102,103] |
| Curcumin | Brain [104], leukemia, colon [105], breast [106], prostate [107], cervical [108,109,110], pancreatic cancer cells [111], neuroblastoma [112] | PLGA, PLA-vitamin E TPGS copolymer, alginate NPs, soy protein NPs, PVP conjugate micelle, α-CD derivatives, thermosensitive polymer NP, nanoprecipitation, liposomal formulation, magnetic NP, hollow capsules, albumin nanosuspension [113,114] |
| Daidzein | Cardiovascular system [115], breast cancer [116] | SLN with PEGylated phospholipid |
| Dibenzoylmethane | Cervical cancer cells, hepatic cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, osteosarcoma [117,118,119] | PLA NP |
| Dihydroartemisinin | Breast cancer [120], ovarian cancer [121], esophageal cancer [122] | Magnetic NP |
| Ellagic acid | Breast cancer [123], prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, melanoma, ovarian cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), bladder cancer [124,125] | PLGA NP, PEG, mesoporous silica NP |
| Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) | Prostate cancer cells, pancreatic cancer cells [126], breast cancer [127], ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, renal cancer, and colon cancer | Lipid NP, polymeric NP (PLA and PLGA), liposomes, gold NP, selenium nanocarriers, PEG [128] |
| Eugenol | Colon and liver cancer [129], breast cancer [130,131] | Nanoemulsions, magnetic NP |
| Ferulic acid | Hepatocellular cancer, colon cancer [132], pancreatic cancer [133] | NP, chitosan-coated SLN |
| Gambogic acid | Breast cancer, pancreatic cancer [134] | Glycol chitosan NP, NP coated with red blood cell membranes [135], carbo nanotube and graphene nanodelivery, magnetic NPs |
| Genistein | Breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer [136], osteosarcoma, human gastric carcinoma, neuroblastoma, bladder cancer, lung cancer, cervical cancer [137] | Biodegradable TPGS-b-PCL NP, PEGylated silica NP, hybrid nanomaterial |
| Honokiol | Liver cancer [138], breast cancer [139], colorectal cancer [140], lymphoid malignant cells [141], melanoma [142], thyroid cancer [143], glioblastoma [144] | NP, nanosome, QD |
| Naringenin | Cervical cancer [145], glioblastoma, lung cancer [146], pancreatic cancer [147] | Silk fibroin NP, naringenin loaded PCL NP, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, naringenin-loaded PLGA NP |
| Nobiletin | Breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer [148], liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinomas, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, lung cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer [149] | Nano-emulsion [150], micelles |
| Quercetin | Breast cancer [151], ovarian cancer [152,153], cervical cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, liver cancer [154], thyroid cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, lymphomas | Quercetin encapsulated in SLN [155], gold NP-quercetin into PLGA, graphene oxide nanocarrier |
| Resveratrol | Skin cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer | Gold NP [156], SLN [157] |
| Thymoquinone | Glioblastoma [158], breast cancer, ovarian cancer, osteosarcoma, colorectal cancer, adenocarcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, myeloblastic leukemia [159,160] | Silica NP core loaded with thymoquinone, thymoquinone-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers, PLGA and PEG, thymoquinone-encapsulated chitosan NP, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine liposomal system, micelles |
| Triptolide | Breast cancer [161], liver cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer [162,163] | Triptolide-loaded cationic liposomes, triptolide coupled to vitamin E using dithiodiglycolic acid and co-dissolved with PEG2000-linoleic acid, nucleolin-specific aptamer mediated polymeric nanocarrier |
| Taxifolin | Colorectal cancer, breast cancer [164] [165,166] | Zinc oxide NP, NP by liquid antisolvent precipitation |
| Ursolic acid | Cervical cancer [167], breast cancer [168], prostate cancer, lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma [169], gall bladder carcinoma, melanoma [170] | Gold-ursolic acid into PLGA NP, long-circulating and pH-sensitive liposomes [171], PEG modified liposome [172], ursolic acid-loaded chitosan NP [173], pH-sensitive mesoporous silica NP |
CD, cyclodextrin; NP, nanoparticle; PCL, polycaprolactone; PEG, polyethylene glycol; PLA, poly(lactide); PLGA, poly lactic-co-glycolic acid; PVP, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone); QD, quantum dot; SLN, solid lipid NP; TPGS, tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate.