Figure 1.

Formation of Methylglyoxal (MG)-adducts and alteration of cell viability in bEnd.3 cells after MG treatment. (a–d) bEnd.3 cells were incubated with MG at different concentrations (0–1000 μM) for 24 h. MG-adduct formation in (a) the cell lysate or (b) the conditioned medium was determined by western blotting and Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining. Representative images were shown. The expression levels of (c) glyoxalase (Glo)-1 and (d) Glo-2 were examined after cell treatment with 1000 μM MG for 24 h (n = 3~4). (e) The changes in cell viability after MG exposure (6 h or 24 h) were determined by (e) PI staining or (f) MTT assay (n = 3). Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 vs. control (CON).