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. 2020 Sep 11;9(9):853. doi: 10.3390/antiox9090853

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Restraint stress induces hepatic redox imbalance as shown by (A) decreased free cysteine thiol content and (B) decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) with increased (C) glutathione disulfide (GSSG). This occurs alongside increased mRNA expression of (D) superoxide dismutase 1 (Sod1) and (E) superoxide dismutase 2 (Sod2) but decreased (F) catalase (Cat) compared to unstressed (US) rats (n = 7–8/group). Results in (A–C,F) were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Fisher’s LSD test; (D,E) were analyzed using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s post-test. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.