Restraint stress modulates hepatic (A) mRNA and (B) protein expression of nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 2 (Nrf2) and other key antioxidant regulators including (C) nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 1 (Nrf1), (D) glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalytic subunit (Gclc), (E) glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4), and (F) Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) mRNA expression compared to unstressed (US) rats (n = 7–8/group). Results in (A–D) were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Fisher’s LSD test; (E,F) were analyzed using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s post-test. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.