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. 2020 Sep 11;9(9):853. doi: 10.3390/antiox9090853

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Restraint stress increases expression of Phase II detoxifying enzymes and alternative redox modulators including (A) heme oxygenase 1 (Hmox1), (B) NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 1 (Nqo1), (C) forkhead box O1 (Foxo1), and (D) bromodomain-containing protein 4 (Brd4) mRNA expression compared to unstressed (US) rats (n = 7–8/group). Results in (A,B) were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Fisher’s LSD test; (C,D) were analyzed using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s post-test. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM, * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01.