Immunoblot analysis of RGCs with hyperglycemia. Immunoblot analysis of antioxidation pathway-associated proteins (Nrf2, Keap1, HIF-1α, ALDH3A1, HO-1, TGF-β1, TGF-β2) under 5.5 mM, 25 mM, 50 mM, and 100 mM glucose medium. The protein expression values were quantified in relation to the loading control. Data are represented as means ± SEM. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; ns, nonsignificant, when compared to the 5.5 mM group (n = 3). ALDH3A1: aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1, HIF-1: hypoxia-inducible factor, HO-1: heme oxygenase-1, Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor, Keap1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-beta.