Figure 1.

Schematic representation of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. Enzymes involved in the biosynthesis pathway are shown in red. CHS—chalcone synthase; CHI—chalcone isomerase; F3H—flavanone 3-hydroxylase; F3′H—flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase; F3′5′H—flavonoid 3′5′- hydroxylase; DFR—dihydroflavonol 4-reductase; ANS—anthocyanidin synthase; UFGT— UDP-glycosyl transferase. Chrysanthemum flowers only accumulate cyanidin-based anthocyanins; therefore, the cyanidin pathway is indicated by a solid arrow line. The dotted box indicates pelargonidin and delphinidin synthesis, which are naturally absent in chrysanthemum petals. The colored anthocyanin background represents the respective color attributed by that particular compound.