Table 3.
Fermentation-derived compounds in Shiraz wines prepared following harvest time, saigneé and water addition treatments 12 months after fermentation †.
| Fermentation-Derived Compound | Unit | H-1 | DA-1 | RR-1 | RO-1 | H-2 | DA-2 | RR-1 | RO-1 | H-3 | ANOVA p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetate esters | |||||||||||
| Ethyl acetate | mg/L | 16.23 ± 0.33 c | 19.87 ± 1.9 abc | 19.2 ± 0.27 abc | 23.31 ± 1.90 a | 17.72 ± 0.24 bc | 21.58 ± 0.51 ab | 20.6 ± 0.68 abc | 23.28 ± 0.15 a | 23.01 ± 0.63 a | <0.001 |
| Hexyl acetate | µg/L | 10.56 ± 0.62 bc | 10.19 ± 0.63 bc | 12.37 ± 0.57 b | 6.67 ± 1.11 d | 17.63 ± 0.41 a | 10.12 ± 0.44 bc | 10.98 ± 0.14 bc | 6.58 ± 0.26 d | 8.40 ± 1.16 cd | <0.0001 |
| 3-Methylbutyl acetate | mg/L | 0.61 ± 0.0 abc | 0.71 ± 0.02 ab | 0.69 ± 0.02 ab | 0.42 ± 0.09 c | 0.71 ± 0.02 ab | 0.75 ± 0.04 a | 0.79 ± 0.03 a | 0.51 ± 0.05 bc | 0.60 ± 0.06 abc | <0.001 |
| 2-Methylbutyl acetate | µg/L | 58 ± 4.42 bc | 82 ± 7.43 abc | 77 ± 2.90 abc | 54 ± 8.69 c | 76 ± 3.24 abc | 90 ± 7.65 a | 84 ± 4.68 ab | 61 ± 4.85 abc | 69 ± 6.80 abc | <0.01 |
| 2-Phenylethyl acetate | µg/L | 76 ± 2.68 b | 72 ± 4.19 bc | 71 ± 3.83 bc | 52 ± 4.32 c | 103 ± 4.06 a | 72 ± 4.12 bc | 77 ± 0.89 b | 61 ± 2.86 bc | 62 ± 7.66 bc | <0.0001 |
| Ethyl esters | |||||||||||
| Ethyl butanoate | µg/L | 103 ± 2.64 | 121 ± 4.41 | 127 ± 3.55 | 109 ± 15.9 | 122 ± 3.91 | 121 ± 11.85 | 137 ± 6.81 | 121 ± 7.87 | 117 ± 11.51 | ns |
| Ethyl propanoate | µg/L | 51.40 ± 2.52 ab | 50.77 ± 1.04 ab | 45.98 ± 0.64 b | 50.44 ± 1.90 ab | 54.71 ± 3.06 a | 46.99 ± 0.67 ab | 49.02 ± 0.42 ab | 53.15 ± 1.56 ab | 47.21 ± 2.01 ab | <0.05 |
| Ethyl hexanoate | µg/L | 136 ± 0.04 cde | 150 ± 5.52 bcd | 159 ± 2.15 ab | 123 ± 6.37 e | 177 ± 5.42 a | 157 ± 0.08 abc | 159 ± 5.23 ab | 135 ± 1.01 de | 139 ± 6.81 bcde | <0.0001 |
| Ethyl octanoate | µg/L | 109 ± 1.0 cd | 138 ± 2.23 a | 137 ± 0.6 ab | 105 ± 2.96 d | 136 ± 7.82 ab | 137 ± 1.77 ab | 128 ± 2.23 abc | 117 ± 2.35 bcd | 131 ± 8.12 ab | <0.0001 |
| Ethyl decanoate | µg/L | 19.22 ± 1.88 b | 24.16 ± 0.45 ab | 23.41 ± 0.49 ab | 19.49 ± 0.58 ab | 20.87 ± 2.02 ab | 23.52 ± 0.82 ab | 20.49 ± 0.50 ab | 18.59 ± 0.15 b | 25.17 ± 1.79 a | <0.01 |
| Ethyl-3-methylbutanoate | µg/L | 27.01 ± 2.17 b | 34.15 ± 1.0 ab | 34.28 ± 1.26 ab | 27.16 ± 0.51 b | 39.86 ± 4.01 a | 30.30 ± 0.84 b | 28.91 ± 0.66 b | 31.88 ± 0.64 ab | 28.37 ± 0.79 b | <0.001 |
| Ethyl-2-methylpropanoate | µg/L | 62.73 ± 3.93 | 61.81 ± 3.62 | 61.61 ± 0.95 | 53.47 ± 4.77 | 60.53 ± 3.14 | 56.17 ± 2.90 | 55.52 ± 1.88 | 59.10 ± 6.53 | 59.76 ± 2.48 | ns |
| Higher alcohols | |||||||||||
| Butanol | mg/L | 1.32 ± 0.06 c | 1.27 ± 0.07 c | 1.59 ± 0.07 bc | 1.98 ± 0.08 ab | 1.90 ± 0.05 ab | 1.20 ± 0.18 c | 1.84 ± 0.14 ab | 2.25 ± 0.04 a | 1.58 ± 0.14 bc | <0.0001 |
| 2-Methylbutanol | mg/L | 107.93 ± 1.70 | 120.47 ± 4.09 | 120.88 ± 4.78 | 106.02 ± 3.35 | 128.36 ± 4.23 | 117.84 ± 9.33 | 118.19 ± 3.36 | 118.05 ± 8.51 | 108.93 ± 2.52 | ns |
| 3-Methylbutanol | mg/L | 233 ± 4.71 | 265 ± 15.04 | 253 ± 6.46 | 237 ± 9.87 | 267 ± 4.64 | 263 ± 19.06 | 257 ± 5.52 | 266 ± 17.75 | 239 ± 8.67 | ns |
| Hexanol | mg/L | 4.22 ± 0.29 b | 4.01 ± 0.24 b | 4.34 ± 0.20 b | 4.53 ± 0.33 b | 7.09 ± 0.49 a | 4.25 ± 0.26 b | 4.46 ± 0.10 b | 4.74 ± 0.29 b | 4.60 ± 0.23 b | <0.0001 |
| 2-Phenylethanol | mg/L | 50.59 ± 3.83 b | 58.35 ± 4.1 ab | 56.60 ± 2.81 ab | 52.62 ± 2.31 ab | 63.44 ± 1.54 ab | 54.67 ± 1.33 ab | 54.77 ± 1.56 ab | 64.90 ± 2.97 a | 57.75 ± 3.6 ab | <0.05 |
| 2-Methylpropanol | mg/L | 40.30 ± 0.78 | 38.63 ± 4.18 | 38.15 ± 3.10 | 37.62 ± 2.64 | 36.33 ± 3.59 | 40.48 ± 1.91 | 40.02 ± 1.95 | 41.67 ± 2.56 | 39.24 ± 2.12 | ns |
| Volatile acids | |||||||||||
| Butanoic acid | mg/L | 1.02 ± 0.16 | 1.04 ± 0.01 | 1.08 ± 0.08 | 1.19 ± 0.13 | 1.10 ± 0.02 | 1.16 ± 0.05 | 1.08 ± 0.06 | 1.11 ± 0.07 | 0.97 ± 0.03 | ns |
| Acetic acid | mg/L | 273 ± 53.9 | 227 ± 38.4 | 272 ± 45.0 | 356.35 ± 35.9 | 214.60 ± 11.5 | 237.18 ± 13.0 | 281.54 ± 39.0 | 276.38 ± 3.19 | 283.34 ± 20.2 | ns |
| Propanoic acid | mg/L | 9.17 ± 0.75 | 11.38 ± 1.61 | 12.46 ± 1.14 | 12.56 ± 1.37 | 11.16 ± 0.70 | 12.69 ± 2.77 | 11.86 ± 0.91 | 13.02 ± 0.83 | 12.64 ± 1.42 | ns |
| Hexanoic acid | mg/L | 1.89 ± 0.22 | 1.96 ± 0.1 | 2.46 ± 0.42 | 1.68 ± 0.1 | 2.48 ± 0.12 | 1.80 ± 0.02 | 1.78 ± 0.04 | 1.78 ± 0.09 | 1.82 ± 0.22 | ns |
| Octanoic acid | mg/L | 1.07 ± 0.01 abc | 1.19 ± 0.01 ab | 1.28 ± 0.03 a | 0.84 ± 0.03 c | 1.14 ± 0.08 ab | 1.16 ± 0.06 ab | 1.06 ± 0.06 abc | 0.88 ± 0.02 c | 1.01 ± 0.09 bc | <0.001 |
| Decanoic acid | µg/L | 154 ± 12.3 abc | 189 ± 6.89 ab | 200 ± 7.76 a | 151 ± 11.61 bc | 160 ± 9.27 abc | 188 ± 7.17 ab | 158 ± 7.24 abc | 138 ± 10.44 c | 176 ± 10.3 abc | <0.05 |
| 2-Methylbutanoic acid | mg/L | 1.04 ± 0.02 | 1.24 ± 0.06 | 1.16 ± 0.03 | 1.10 ± 0.06 | 1.05 ± 0.02 | 1.12 ± 0.03 | 1.17 ± 0.05 | 1.21 ± 0.08 | 1.03 ± 0.06 | ns |
| 3-Methylbutanoic acid | mg/L | 1.20 ± 0.02 | 1.47 ± 0.11 | 1.39 ± 0.05 | 1.32 ± 0.08 | 1.37 ± 0.04 | 1.37 ± 0.09 | 1.47 ± 0.04 | 1.44 ± 0.03 | 1.31 ± 0.09 | ns |
† Data presented show mean values ± standard error, treatments were compared using one-way ANOVA, ns = not significantly different, n = 3. Differences between treatments were determined by a post-hoc Tukey’s test with significance indicated by different superscript letters; H-1, H-2, H-3 = harvest-1, harvest-2 and harvest-3; DA-1, DA-2 = direct addition treatment 1 and direct addition treatment 2; RR-1, RR-2 = juice substitution treatment-1, juice substitution treatment 2; RO-1, RO-2 = saigneé treatment 1 and saigneé treatment 2.