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Effect of astaxanthin on the protein expression level of AQP3 in HaCaT cells. Astaxanthin was added to HaCaT cells, and the cells were incubated for 24 h. The AQP3 protein expression in HaCaT cells was analyzed by Western blotting. Expression levels were normalized to those of GAPDH, the data are shown as the mean values as a percentage of the control values, which were set to 100% (mean ± SD, n = 5; ** p < 0.01).
