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. 2020 Sep 11;10(9):193. doi: 10.3390/life10090193

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Effect of astaxanthin on glycerol permeability via AQP3. (A) Astaxanthin was added to EpiSkin and incubated for 6 h. The AQP3 mRNA expression level was measured by real-time RT-PCR. The expression level was normalized to that of GAPDH, and the data are presented as the mean value as a percentage of the control value, which was set to 100%. (B) EpiSkin was treated on the apical side with glycerol or a combination of glycerol and astaxanthin. Samples were collected from the basal side 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after treatment, and the concentration of glycerol was determined (mean ± SD, n = 6; * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01).