Table 1.
Functional mammalian amyloids considered in this review.
| Protein | Proposed Function in the Amyloid Form | Evidence for Amyloid Formation | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peptide hormones | Storage of hormones and pro-hormones | In vitro: EM; Luminescent conjugated polyelectrolyte probes; CD spectrum; ThT and CR staining; X-ray fiber diffraction. In vivo: CD spectrum; ThT, ThS, and CR staining with birefringence; binding to amyloid-specific antibody; X-ray fiber diffraction. |
[40] |
| PMEL17 | Templates the synthesis of melanin in melanosomes | In vitro: EM; CD spectrum; X-ray fiber diffraction; ThT and CR staining, In vivo: ThS and CR staining; resistance to detergents. |
[60,87] |
| CPEB3 | Modulation of long-term memory, synaptic plasticity | In vitro: ThS staining; CR staining with birefringence; resistance to detergents. In vivo: ThS staining; resistance to detergents. Heterologous model systems: yeast. |
[99] |
| FXR1 | Regulation of RNA stability and translation | In vitro: EM; CR staining with birefringence. In vivo: ThT, ThS and CR staining; resistance to detergents. Heterologous model systems: E. coli (C-DAG). |
[120] |
| Zona pellucida proteins | Oocyte protection and facilitation of fertilization. | In vitro: EM; ThS staining; CR staining with birefringence. In vivo: X-ray fiber diffraction; resistance to detergents; binding to amyloid-specific antibodies; Protein aggregation disease (PAD) ligand pulldown. |
[127] |
| RIP1 and RIP3 | Regulation of necroptosis | In vitro: CD spectrum; solid-state NMR spectrum; X-ray fiber diffraction; ThT and CR staining. In vivo: ThT staining. |
[147] |
| MBP-1 | Storage of toxic antibacterial protein | In vitro: EM; X-ray fiber diffraction; ThT staining; conjugation to luminescent polyelectrolyte probes. In vivo: CR staining with birefringence; binding to amyloid-specific antibody. |
[159] |
| CRES | Spermatozoa maturation | In vitro: EM; X-ray fiber diffraction; ThT staining; binding to amyloid specific antibody. In vivo: ThS staining; PAD ligand pulldown. |
[169] |
| Sperm acrosomal matrix (AM) | The acrosome reaction during fertilization of oocytes. | In vivo: EM; X-ray fiber diffraction; ThS staining; binding to amyloid-specific antibodies. | [173] |
| PAP | Protective network in vaginal pathways | In vitro: CD spectrum; ThT staining; CR staining with birefringence; X-ray diffraction; atomic force microscopy; hydrogen-deuterium exchange; deep ultraviolet Raman resonance spectra. | [175] |
| MAVS | Downstream signaling in anti-viral pathways | In vitro: EM; resistance to detergents; protease resistance. | [190] |
| Fibrin | Component of blood cloth | In vitro: CD spectrum; ThT and CR staining; X-ray fiber diffraction. | [197] |
| TIA-1 | Formation of stress granules | In vivo: EM; resistance to detergents. Heterologous model systems: yeast |
[218] |