Table 2.
Mineral composition of yam (Dioscorea species).
| Species | No of Varieties | Minerals (mg/100g) | Reference | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| K | Na | P | Ca | Mg | Cu | Fe | Mn | Zn | |||
| D. abyssinica 1 | 13 | NR | NR | 5.1–56.5 | 31.02–118.8 | NR | NR | 20.3–69.7 | NR | 0.48–0.77 | [36] |
| D. alata 1 | 7 | 1157–2016 | 52–82.7 | 117–194 | 62.5–78.0 | 64.0–74.6 | 6.4–6.9 | 9.9–10.9 | 3.1–4.3 | 3.4–4.3 | [54] |
| D. alata 1 | 7 | 240–400 | 190–380 | 100–340 | 20.04–80.2 | 24.31–97.2 | NR | NR | NR | NR | [53] |
| D. alata 1 | 9 | NR | NR | NR | 31.64–45.3 | 32.68–47.8 | 0.42–0.48 | 0.83–2.2 | NR | 0.82–2.6 | [35] |
| D. alata 1 | 20 | 1055-2010 | 8.30–13.1 | NR | 26.0–53.5 | 39.0–59.5 | NR | NR | NR | 1.01–1.8 | [57] |
| D. alata 3 | 1 | 476.8 ± 0.1 | 68.9 ± 0.02 | 163.7 ± 0.10 | 285.8 ± 0.02 | 116.3 ± 0.69 | NR | 2.48 ± 0.02 | NR | 2.12 ± 0.00 | [58] |
| D. alata 3 | 2 | 622.5–742.5 | 62.5–95.0 | 219.0–239 | 6.50–16.50 | 40.0–41.5 | 0.10–0.15 | 1.50–2.00 | 2.15–2.20 | 6.65–6.80 | [42] |
| D. alata 1 | 16 | 1055–2010 | 8.4–13.1 | 87.8–190.0 | 26.0–41.0 | 39.0–58.0 | 1.23–1.57 | NR | 0.48–2.21 | 1.01–1.41 | [55] |
| D. alata 1 | 4 | NR | NR | 26.59–49.12 | 11.24–120.0 | NR | NR | 17.75–51.1 | NR | 0.38–1.18 | [36] |
| D. alata 1 | 1 | 3932.9 ± 0.16 | 75.4 ± 0.02 | NR | 3032.1 ± 0.25 | 120.7 ± 0.005 | 1.216 ± 0.001 | 124.3 ± 0.004 | 1.33 ± 0.001 | 5.7 ± 0.001 | [56] |
| D. alata 1 | 1 | 5.25 ± 2.12 | 0.35 ± 0.0 | NR | 0.22 ± 0.99 | 0.65 ± 0.71 | NR | 0.75 ± 0.73 | NR | NR | [50] |
| D. alata 1 | 1 | 786.3 ± 0.14 | 44.56 ± 0.3 | 140.14 ± 0.14 | 448.36 ± 0.11 | 656.31 ± 0.07 | 11.20 ± 0.14 | 24.30 ± 0.19 | 6.36 ± 0.21 | 2.26 ± 0.01 | [51] |
| D. buibifera 1 | 12 | NR | NR | 8.72–55.26 | 15.74–121.3 | NR | NR | 20.26–90.9 | NR | 0.4–8.33 | [36] |
| D. buibifera 1 | 1 | NR | NR | 0.521 | 1410.0 | 250 | NR | NR | NR | NR | [66] |
| D. buibifera 1 | 1 | 1554.4 ± 0.36 | 78.24 ± 0.07 | 154.42 ± 0.53 | 338.15 ± 0.09 | 396.20 ± 1.07 | 2.14 ± 0.04 | 19.20 ± 0.20 | 9.40 ± 0.14 | 1.48 ± 0.03 | [51] |
| D. buibifera 3 | 1 | 525.8 ± 1.41 | 87.8 ± 0.10 | 159.5 ± 0.04 | 378.5 ± 0.10 | 128.7 ± 0.04 | NR | 3.14 ± 0.02 | NR | 2.79 ± 0.01 | [58] |
| D. buibifera 2 | 1 | 560 ± 49 | 17.8 ± 9.8 | 61.61 ± 0.8 | 29.3 ± 4.8 | 25.9 ± 9.2 | 0.21 ± 0.03 | 2.92 ± 0.3 | 0.35 ± 0.03 | 0.53 ± 0.06 | [65] |
| D. buibifera 3 | 2 | 1250–1475 | 92.5–102.5 | 223.5–224.5 | 103–116.5 | 76.5–83.5 | 0.20 | 6.00–6.50 | 1.30–1.35 | 6.10–6.35 | [42] |
| D. cayenensis 1 | 2 | NR | NR | 19.15–26.12 | 6.3–27.6 | NR | NR | 17.2–27.95 | NR | 0.74–0.75 | [36] |
| D. cayenensis 2 | 1 | 262.3 ± 0.25 | 8.53 ± 0.05 | 19.5 ± 0.10 | 22.53 ± 0.13 | 61.53 ± 0.25 | NR | 0.79 ± 0.02 | NR | 0.39 ± 0.01 | [67] |
| D. cayenensis 3 | 1 | 523.8 ± 0.04 | 76.8 ± 0.03 | 167.8 ± 0.02 | 345.8 ± 0.01 | 120.2 ± 0.55 | NR | 2.50 ± 0.08 | NR | 2.18 ± 0.02 | [58] |
| D. cayenensis 3 | 2 | 700–825 | 62.5–70.0 | 164.5–190.5 | 74.5–80.0 | 57.5–38.0 | 0.20 | 5.0–5.5 | 1.2–1.25 | 5.45–5.85 | [42] |
| D. deltoidea 2 | 1 | 340 ± 51 | 9.12 ± 1.6 | 33.1 ± 0.6 | 46.9 ± 6.2 | 22.8 ± 7.1 | 0.10 ± 0.0 | 1.85 ± 1.0 | 0.31 ± 0.02 | 0.22 ± 0.04 | [65] |
| D. dumetorum 1 | 1 | 7.03 ± 0.78 | 0.41 ± 0.14 | NR | 0.81 ± 0.21 | 0.95 ± 0.71 | NR | 0.07 ± 0.14 | NR | NR | [50] |
| D. dumetorum 3 | 2 | 670–772 | 72.5–77.5 | 269–286 | 27.5–29.5 | 61.5 | 0.10 | 2.0–2.50 | 2.50–2.65 | 5.80 | [42] |
| D. dumetorum 3 | 2 | 0.03 | 0.02 | NR | 0.19–0.21 | 0.65–0.72 | 1.36–1.48 | 0.13–0.16 | 0.34–0.38 | 0.03–0.18 | [71] |
| D. dumetorum 3 | NR | NR | 151 | 57.8 | NR | NR | 8.89 | NR | NR | [68] | |
| D. esculenta 3 | 2 | 765–795 | 87.5–92.5 | 273.5–294.5 | 20.5–27.0 | 67.5–73.0 | 0.10 | 2.0 | 2.70–2.95 | 6.20–7.80 | [42] |
| D. esculenta 1 | 1 | 1594.3 ± 1.34 | 86.40 ± 0.14 | 138.10 ± 0.14 | 314.01 ± 0.33 | 436.06 ± 0.54 | 3.40 ± 0.01 | 11.48 ± 0.11 | 5.46 ± 0.11 | 1.76 ± 0.04 | [51] |
| D. fordii 1 | 3 | NR | NR | NR | 28.56–30.05 | 34.58–35.63 | 0.45–0.51 | 1.82–2.02 | NR | 1.79–1.85 | [35] |
| D. oppositifolia 1 | 1 | 1431 ± 1.56 | 102.2 ± 0.54 | 78.2 ± 0.08 | 680.6 ± 0.82 | 432.5 ± 1.11 | 2.74 ± 0.03 | 22.0 ± 0.08 | 6.34 ± 0.01 | 3.24 ± 0.08 | [38] |
| D. oppositifolia 1 | 2 | 1534–1624 | 124–168.2 | 114.1–124.1 | 294.2–646.2 | 540.1–634.1 | 7.62–14.56 | 32.16–40.76 | 7.42–9.04 | 1.56–6.26 | [51] |
| D. pentaphylla 1 | 1 | 1322 ± 2.40 | 95.2 ± 0.12 | 96.1 ± 0.06 | 632.1 ± 0.22 | 380.0 ± 0.74 | 12.60 ± 0.14 | 103.48 ± 0.94 | 1.32 ± 0.01 | 3.10 ± 0.01 | [38] |
| D. pentaphylla 1 | 1 | 1441.0 ± 0.98 | 96.20 ± 0.63 | 158.18 ± 0.21 | 444.24 ± 0.09 | 532.12 ± 0.56 | 13.26 ± 0.05 | 66.32 ± 0.14 | 3.46 ± 0.21 | 3.42 ± 0.01 | [51] |
| D. persimilis 1 | 3 | NR | NR | NR | 46.55–47.64 | 46.70–47.42 | 0.382–0.423 | 1.73–1.93 | NR | 1.32–1.45 | [35] |
| D. polystachya 1 | 10 | NR | NR | NR | 39.73–55.82 | 33.26–54.47 | 0.35–0.54 | 1.43–2.58 | NR | 0.99–2.27 | [35] |
| D. praehensilis 1 | 5 | NR | NR | 20.9–39.0 | 13.1–118.2 | NR | NR | 18.36–76.4 | NR | 0.4–1.09 | [36] |
| D. praehensilis 3 | 1 | 1000 ± 21.2 | 80.0 ± 7.07 | 200.5 ± 0.71 | 79.5 ± 3.54 | 43.5 ± 0.71 | 0.40 ± 0.14 | 9.0 ± 0.0 | 0.95 ± 0.07 | 5.4 ± 0.57 | [42] |
| D. remotiflora 2 | 1 | 4891 ± 25 | 79 ± 6 | 720 ± 20 | 242 ± 14 | 250 ± 10 | 3.3 ± 0.2 | 12.4 ± 0.5 | 4.1 ± 0.2 | 7.1 ± 0.3 | [74] |
| D. rotundata 3 | 2 | 475–900 | 70.0–87.5 | 158–211.5 | 91.5–103.3 | 35.5–53.0 | 0.20–0.25 | 5.0–6.75 | 1.15–1.80 | 6.30–6.80 | [42] |
| D. rotundata 1 | 6 | NR | NR | 26.96–40.21 | 22.77–114.4 | NR | NR | 17.75–78.3 | NR | 0.35–1.02 | [36] |
| D. rotundata 1 | 1 | 1591 | 10.4 | NR | 31.0 | 51.0 | NR | NR | NR | 1.23 | [57] |
| D. rotundata 3 | 3 | 9.00–71.00 | NR | 22.00–35.00 | 2.00–4.00 | 11.00 | NR | 1.00 | NR | 1.00 | [76] |
| D. rotundata 3 | 1 | 530.7 ± 0.10 | 80.75 ± 0.14 | 168.7 ± 0.01 | 278.8 ± 0.15 | 125.7 ± 0.08 | NR | 2.88 ± 0.02 | NR | 2.34 ± 0.00 | [58] |
| D. rotundata 3 | 1 | 209.13 ± 0.03 | 185.2 ± 0.05 | 54.00 ± 0.04 | 132.02 ± 0.04 | 45.90 ± 0.02 | 10.06 ± 0.05 | 81.85 ± 0.01 | NR | 5.46 ± 0.02 | [78] |
| D. spicata 1 | 1 | 1255 ± 0.48 | 52.2 ± 0.11 | 86.1 ± 0.11 | 172.0 ± 0.21 | 112.4 ± 0.32 | 0.78 ± 0.21 | 22.36 ± 0.38 | 0.98 ± 0.14 | 4.18 ± 0.13 | [38] |
| D. spicata 1 | 1 | 1136 ± 0.74 | 66.34 ± 0.54 | 166.30 ± 0.27 | 234.10 ± 0.58 | 324.16 ± 0.24 | 7.41 ± 0.11 | 24.10 ± 0.26 | 6.70 ± 0.14 | 2.56 ± 0.04 | [51] |
| D. tomentosa 1 | 1 | 1354 ± 1.34 | 32.2 ± 0.18 | 96.1 ± 0.04 | 272.1 ± 1.01 | 120.4 ± 0.08 | 1.34 ± 0.01 | 24.56 ± 0.04 | 1.32 ± 0.04 | 5.20 ± 0.03 | [38] |
| D. tomentosa 1 | 1 | 1245.6 ± 1.14 | 46.14 ± 0.30 | 104.06 ± 0.09 | 266.36 ± 0.16 | 321.04 ± 0.14 | 2.46 ± 0.14 | 28.50 ± 0.07 | 2.10 ± 0.11 | 5.40 ± 0.02 | [51] |
| D. trifida 1 | 3 | 830–1350 | NR | 50.0–120.0 | 40.0 | 40.0–50.0 | 0.67–1.19 | NR | NR | 0.62–1.79 | [81] |
| D. triphylla 2 | 1 | 317 ± 32 | 4.15 ± 0.7 | 56.6 ± 0.1 | 39.7 ± 8.1 | 27.3 ± 5.6 | 0.18 ± 0.05 | 1.00 ± 0.05 | 0.25 ± 0.07 | 0.39 ± 0.1 | [65] |
| D. versicolor 2 | 1 | 250 ± 4 | 4.91 ± 2.5 | 40.8 ± 0.2 | 14.3 ± 1.8 | 18.3 ± 3.8 | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.39 ± 0.1 | 0.14 ± 0.0 | 0.3 ± 0.06 | [65] |
| D. villosa 3 | 1 | 145.33 ± 1.15 | 5.40 ± 0.10 | 43.82 ± 0.49 | 28.06 ± 4.01 | 9.47 ± 0.23 | NR | NR | 0.032 ± 0.0 | 0.26 ± 0.0 | [83] |
| D. wallichi 1 | 1 | 1361.7 ± 1.01 | 63.01 ± 0.27 | 106.40 ± 0.11 | 748.31 ± 0.32 | 578.06 ± 0.19 | 2.46 ± 0.08 | 20.14 ± 0.04 | 3.31 ± 0.05 | 6.66 ± 0.01 | [51] |
K: potassium, Na: sodium, P: phosphorus, Ca: calcium, Mg: magnesium, Cu: cupper, Fe: iron, Mn: manganese, Zn: zinc, NR: not reported, 1 dry weight, 2 fresh weight, 3 Sample type: not specified, D. polystachya: Chinese yam formerly known as D. opposita and D. batatas.