Table 2.
The schematic of studies investigating chondroprotective effects of intra-articularly administered selective COX-2 inhibitors.
| Preclinical Studies Using Intra-Articular Injections | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Authors | Species | COX-2 Inhibitor | OA Model | Dosing Regime | Start of Treatment | Timepoint of Evaluation | Evaluation of Cartilage Damage | Main Findings |
| Jean et al. [30] | Rat | Parecoxib | ACLT | Weekly 100 µg parecoxib for 5 consecutive weeks | Eight weeks after surgery | 20 weeks after surgery | Histology: Mankin score | Improved histological scores in the parecoxib group compared to controls |
| Jiang et al. [26] | Rabbit | Celecoxib | ACLT+ PCLT + MMx | Weekly 1.2 mg celecoxib for 5 consecutive weeks | Directly after surgery | 12 weeks after surgery | Histology: Mankin score | Improved histological scores in the Celecoxib group compared to controls |
| Dong et al. [27] | Rat | Celecoxib | ACLT+ PCLT+ MCLT + MMx | Single injection: 0.15 mg celecoxib incorporated in DDS | One week after surgery | 2 weeks after surgery | Histology: Colombo score | Improved histological score only when celecoxib is combined with HA in a DDS compared to controls |
| Wen et al. [31] | Rat | Meloxicam | ACLT | Weekly 0.25 or 1 mg meloxicam for 5 consecutive weeks | Five weeks after surgery | 20 weeks after surgery | Histology: Pritzker score | Lower Pritzker score in the meloxicam group versus control |
| Janssen et al. [28] | Rat | Celecoxib | ACLT + pMMx | Single injection: 0.015 mg celecoxib incorporated in DDS | Four weeks after surgery | 16 weeks after surgery | Histology: OARSI score | No difference in histological score in celecoxib loaded microspheres vs. control |
| Tellegen et al. [29] | Rat | Celecoxib | ACLT + pMMx | Single injection: 0.015, 0.115 or 0.195 mg celecoxib incorporated in DDS | Four weeks after surgery | 16 weeks after surgery | Histology: OARSI score | No difference in histological score in celecoxib loaded microspheres vs. control |
| Liu et al. [32] | Rat | Etoricoxib | ACLT | Three injections: - 10 µM etoricoxib in 100 µL NaCl- 6.93 μg ETX-NPs, drug loading unclear |
Three, six and nine weeks after surgery | 12 weeks after surgery | Histology: OARSI score Immunohistochemistry | Improved histological score in ETX-NP, but not ETX, compared to control. |
ACLT: Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection, CLX: celecoxib, DDS: drug delivery system, ETX: etoricoxib, HA: hyaluronic acid, MCLT: Medial Collateral Ligament Transection, MMS: modified mankin score, MMx: medial meniscectomy, NP: nanoparticle, pMMx: partial medial meniscectomy.