Table 1.

Potential role and application of nanocarrier-based biomaterial for tissue engineering applications.

Name of the Nanocarrier Loaded Biomaterial/Composite/Scaffolds	Fabrication Techniques	Role of Nanocarriers	Tissue Engineering Applications	Outcomes
Nano Zinc Oxide (nZnO) and polycaprolactone based nanofiber.	Electrospinning method	Antibacterial properties	Bone tissue regeneration	The scaffold provides a nanoporous environment, which helped to increase cell adhesion and proliferation in MH63 cells [109].
Zeolite-nanoHAp based PCL/PLA nanofibers	Hydrothermal method (nanoHAp and Zeolite) and Electrospinning technique (nanofiber)	nanoHAp—bioactive ceramic in dentistry	Dental tissue regeneration	Plain PCL and PLA nanofibers showed low cell adhesion and migration due to their poor hydrophilic and smooth surface properties. Zeolite- and nHA-based composites overcome the limitations associated with PCL and PLA nanofibers and had positive outcomes on the osteoconductivity and osteoinductivity of scaffold for bone and tooth tissue engineering applications [129].
Gold nanoparticles loaded HAp and collagen-based biomaterial.	Chemical precipitation techniques—HAp nanomaterials. Microwave-assisted rapid heating methods—Gold loaded HAp	Carrier molecule	Tissue engineering	The synthesized biomaterials have shown excellent cytocompatibility against MG-63 osteoblast cells and been suitable as an ECM in tissue engineering. Gold loading concentration was considered an important parameter and it showed little toxicity when it reached 0.5% [130].
Nano TiO2 loaded SF-based nanocomposite	Freeze drying method	It leads mechanical interlocking and induces bone formation	Bone tissue engineering	High TiO2 concentrations (15 wt.%) improved the bioactivity behavior, and cell attachment. The low concentrations of TiO2 (5 wt.%) allowed the cells to spread only on the surface [131].
Dexamethasone-loaded carboxymethyl chitosan/poly(amidoamine) dendrimer nanoparticles	Precipitation method	Regulation of osteogenesis (in vivo)	Bone tissue engineering	An in vivo rat study showed that the synthesized dendrimer-based nanoparticles acted as an excellent intracellular nanocarrier for dexamethasone release and significantly enhanced the ectopic bone formation [132].
Paclitaxel-liposome loaded collagen microchannel scaffolds	Lyophilization method	The bilayer membrane of liposomes can help to improve the solubility issues associated with hydrophobic drugs such as paclitaxel.	Spinal cord injury repair	Sustained release of paclitaxel was achieved. It alleviates myelin inhibition and enhance neuronal differentiation (in vitro). It provides microenvironment support for neural stem cells to differentiate into mature neurons (in vivo) [133].
Nanofibrous micelles	Quenching, self-assembly and soft lithography approaches	It regulates cellular responses	Cellular alignment in tissue engineering	It mimics native fibrous networks surrounded by cells [134].
TiO2 Nanoparticles loaded porous PLGA-based scaffolds.	3D-printing technique	To improve mechanical properties of the scaffold	Bone tissue engineering	Osteoblast proliferation considerably increased in PLGA/TiO2 compared to pure PLGA [135].
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) loaded collagen hydrogel.	Conventional method	Porous morphology to load nerve growth factor (NGF)	Neural tissue engineering	NGF-loaded collagen-MSN scaffolds show significant effects on neurite outgrowth patterns compared to NGF-loaded scaffold without MSN [136].
Nano-hydroxyapatite (HAp)-alginate-gelatin based microcapsule	Electrostatic encapsulation method	Nano-HAp promotes microencapsulated cell osteogenesis	Bone tissue engineering	The composite provided an efficient osteogenic building block. Alginate improves the swelling, stability, and mechanical strength of hydrogels. Further studies related to the composition of the hydrogels are required to improve their performance in static and dynamic cultures [137].
Nano-HAp, pullulan/dextran based composite	Freeze drying	Induced mineralization	Bone tissue engineering	The composite activates early calcification and osteoid tissue formation [138].
Nano silver, HAp, gelatin, alginate, poly (vinyl alcohol) based 3D scaffolds	Freezing thawing approach	Antibacterial activity	Bone tissue engineering	The 3D scaffold showed superior mechanical properties. The release of silver ions from scaffold materials leads to enhanced antibacterial activity against Bacillus and E.coli sps. Although it shows some positive outcomes in in vitro, more in vivo studies are required to find the suitability of the synthesized material for human beings [139].
Nano zirconia (nano ZrO2) loaded chitosan and SF-based nanocomposite	Freeze drying method	Chemical stability, mechanical and biocompatibility property for bone scaffolds	Tissue engineering	The interconnected porous composite material showed better physical, and mechanical properties. Enhanced biocompatibility and proliferation were observed in Human Gingival Fibroblast cells compared to the control [140].
Nano-HAp loaded polyhydroxybutyrate-co-(3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and SF-based composite.	Electrospinning methods	Nano-sized HAp promote cellular activity and rate of mineralization	Bone tissue engineering	The scaffold supports the attachment and proliferation of human osteoblast cells. The mechanical properties of this matrix show the decreased Young’s modulus when increasing concentration to 5 wt.% [141].
TiO2 Nanotube loaded 3D porous PLGA-based microspheres.	Single emulsion and microsphere sintered techniques	To provide compressive modulus and strength,	Bone tissue engineering	The existence of TiO2 improved the bioactivity of PLGA scaffold, promoting cell attachment (in vitro) and enhanced bone regeneration (in vivo) [142].
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) loaded PLGA/gelatin nanofibrous scaffolds.	Electrospinning method for scaffold, Template removal method for MSNPs	To increase solution viscosity, conductivity, and hydrophilicity of the scaffolds	Nerve regeneration	The surface morphology, physical and biological properties of the scaffolds made it more suitable for nerve tissue engineering applications [143].
Strontium-doped HAp/SF biocomposite nanospheres	Ultrasonic coprecipitation method	Osteoinductive components	Bone regeneration	The synthesized nanospheres are biocompatible, facilitating osteogenic differentiation and osteoinductive properties (in vitro). The limitation of this study is that the author did not show the in situ bone defect healing potential of strontium-doped HAp/SF biocomposite nanospheres, but their hypothesis strongly recommended the use of this biomaterial as an in situ bone filling material [144].