Table 1.

List of tumors along with respective PrP^C functions associated with the modulation of invasion and metastasis process.

Types of tumor	PrPC function in tumor cell motility
Colorectal	PrPC interacts with STI-1 to activate ERK1/2 and modulate migration and invasion [93]
	PrPC interacts with laminin to activate MAPK pathway and induce EMT [117]
	PrPC modulates E-cadherin and N-cadherin, as well as translocation of β-catenin to induce EMT [116]
	PrPC has metastatic potential by triggering Fyn-SP1-SATB1 pathway [116]
Colon	PrPC is involved in the cell adhesion to fibronectin and collagen to the ECM [118]
	PrPC modulates E-cadherin and N-cadherin, as well as translocation of β-catenin to the nucleus, inducing EMT [116]
	PrPC has metastatic potential by triggering Fyn-SP1-SATB1 pathway [116]
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	Pro-PrPC retains a GPI-anchor peptide signal sequence that crosses the plasma membrane [119,120,121]
	Pro-PrPC interacts with Notch1 stimulating cell growth and invasion [119]
	Pro-PrPC interacts with FLNa affecting cell motility [119,120,121]
Melanoma	Pro-PrPC retains a GPI-anchor peptide signal sequence that crosses the plasma membrane [122]
	In FLNa deficient cells, PRNP expression affects cell migration [122]
	PrPC modulates actin polymerization trough AKT and HSP27 [122]
Gastric	PrPC contributes to cell adhesion [123]
	Through ERK1/2, PrPC modulates invasion and mRNA and protein levels of MMP11 [123]
Invasive lung adenocarcinoma	PrPC is expressed in invasive tumors, but not in in situ tumors [90]
	Enhanced PrPC expression in lamellipodia [90]
	PrPC modulates Rac1 expression and cell migration [90]
	PrPC modulates JNK pathways and induces cell motility [90]
	Together with NFIL3, PrPC acts towards cancer cell migration [90]
Breast	PrPC overexpression intensifies cell migration and invasiveness [124]
	At higher expression PrPC upregulates MMP9 protein and mRNA levels through NF-kB and ERK pathways, contributing to cell motility [124]
	Together with CD44, PrPC is involved in cell migration mechanisms through the proteins EGFR, CD147, MMP2 and MMP9 [125]
Glioblastoma multiforme	PrPC modulates recruitment of E-cadherin to the plasma membrane of GSCs [31]
	PrPC modulates subcellular localization of β-catenin [31]
	Changes in PrPC expression affects cell migration on laminin as well as integrin α6 expression [31]