| AMPK | AMP-activated protein kinase |
| MAPK | Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase |
| ROS | reactive oxygen species |
| PGC-1α | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha; |
| SAPK | Stress-activated protein kinase |
| T2D | Type 2 Diabetes |
| AS160 | Akt substrate of 160 kDa |
| IRS | Insulin receptor substrate |
| Glut | Glucose transporter |
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