Table 2.

Mechanisms by which drugs of abuse promote an increase in brain oxidative stress and inflammation.

Mechanism	Drugs Involved	References
Oxidation of dopamine	Every drug that increases dopamine levels	[70,71,78]
Inhibition of system Xc−	Cocaine, ethanol, and nicotine	[81,82,83,84,85]
Drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction	Ethanol, amphetamines, cocaine, morphine	[87,88,92]
Peripheral inflammation contributes to neuroinflammation	Ethanol, cocaine	[57,93,96]
Activation of Toll-like receptors	Cocaine, opioids, ethanol	[105,107,111]