Table 1.
MicroRNAs associated with the regulation of breast cancer stem cells.
| Upregulated miRNAs | Remarks | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | miR-9/221 | Increases tumour size, poor differentiation, lymph node metastasis and lower overall survival | [67] |
| 2 | miR-20a | Downregulates MICA/MICB to promote the resistance of BCSCs to NK cell cytotoxicity | [68] |
| 3 | miR-24 | Induces the upregulation of Oct3-4 and Nanog, as well as the expression of antiapoptotic BIML | [69] |
| 4 | miR-27a | VEGF increases miR-27a and, together, promote angiogenesis and tumour metastasis | [70,71] |
| 5 | miR-125a | Promotes SOX2 expression | [72] |
| 6 | miR-142 | Regulates BCSCs properties by in part activating the WNT signalling pathway | [73] |
| 7 | miR-199a | Suppresses FOXP2 | [74] |
| 8 | miR-200 | Modulates CSC self-renewal via BMI-1 and SUZ12 | [75,76,77,78] |
| 9 | miR-210 | miR-210 is reduced in the hypoxic environment and, in turn, promotes BCSC proliferation, self-renewal and metastasis by targeting E-cadherin | [79] |
| 10 | miR-495 | Promotes cell invasion by suppressing E-cadherin | [80] |
| Downregulated miRNAs | |||
| 1 | miR-1 | Increases in basal-like subtype Triggered mitophagy of cancer stem cells by targeting MINOS1 and GPD2 mRNAs |
[81,82] |
| 2 | let-7 | Suppresses self-renewal and differentiation by targeting HRAS and HMGA2 | [83,84,85] |
| 3 | miR-33b | Targets HMGA2, SALL4 and TWIST1 | [74] |
| 4 | miR-128 | Inhibits proliferation, migration, invasion, self-renewal and tumorigenesis by downregulating NEK2 | [86] |
| 5 | miR-205 | A tumour suppressor that inhibits breast cancer malignancy by regulating RUNX2 | [87] |
| 6 | miR-590-5p | Inhibits breast cancer cell stemness by downregulating SOX2 | [88] |
| 7 | miR-628 | Suppresses BCSCs invasiveness by targeting SOS1 and enhancing E-cadherin | [89] |
| 8 | miR-638 | Reciprocal effect with E2F2 in BCSCs, inhibiting self-renewal, proliferation and invasion | [90] |
| 9 | miR-760 | Inhibits cell proliferation and migration by downregulating Nanog | [91] |
B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog - BMI1; Breast Cancer Stem Cells – BCSC; E2F transcription factor 2 - E2F2; Forkhead box protein P2 - FOXP2; Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 - GPD2; High-mobility group AT-hook 2- HMGA2; MHC Class I Polypeptide-Related Sequence A/B - MICA/MICB; Mitochondrial inner membrane organizing system 1 - MINOS1; Runt-related transcription factor 2 - RUNX2; Sal-like protein 4- SALL4; Serine/threonine-protein kinase Nek2 - NEK2; Son of sevenless homolog 1 - SOS1; SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2 - SOX2; SUZ12 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit - SUZ12; Twist-related protein 1- TWIST1; Vascular endothelial growth factor – VEGF.