. 2020 Oct 9;14:1823–1842. doi: 10.2147/PPA.S242693

Table 3.

Our Studies in Medication Adherence of Psychiatric Medication in Outpatients That Analyzed Sociodemographic (Gender, Age and Educational Level) Variables, Clinical Variables (Psychiatric Diagnosis), Medication Variables (Class, Treatment Duration, Polypharmacy), and Self-Reported Health Beliefs

Author	Sample and Methodology	Results (Only Significant Results are Described)
De las Cuevas et al88	145 consecutive psychiatric outpatients with depression. Adherence measured by MMAS-4. To predict adherence level, a direct method of discriminant analysis was carried out. SCs of the canonical discriminant function were presented.	Sociodemographic, Clinical and Medication Variables ↑ Adherence with: ↑ level of education (SC=−.43) ↓ Adherence with: ↑ severity of depression (SC=0.51), and ↑ severity of adverse effects (SC=0.50)
De las Cuevas et al88		Self-reported Health Beliefs ↑ Adherence with: ↑ positive attitude towards medication (SC=−.47), ↓ BMQ-Harm (SC=0.51). and ↓ BMQ-Concern (SC=0.51)
De las Cuevas et al⁹⁶	967 consecutive psychiatric outpatients, all diagnoses. Adherence measured by MMAS-8. Strength of association was measured by partial correlations (r). Unfortunately, the effect of age after control by self-report measures was not calculated.	Sociodemographic, Clinical and Medication Variables ↑ Adherence with ↑ age (r= 0.19; p< 0.001)
De las Cuevas et al⁹⁶		Self-reported Health Beliefs ↑ Adherence with: ↓ Internal HLOC (r= −.14; p< 0.001), ↑ Doctor HLOC (r= 0.19; p< 0.001), and ↓ psychological reactance (r= −.20; p< 0.001).
De las Cuevas et al⁴⁴	1291 psychiatric outpatients from Spain, Argentina and Venezuela. Adherence measured by the Sidorkiewicz tool. Strength of association measured by adjusted OR. Multivariate analyses (logistic regression and chi-squared automatic interaction detector segmentation) showed that only pharmacophobia^a in general and skepticism^b about specific medications were associated with non-adherence. Pharmacophobia was the major factor associated with nonadherence, but when pharmacophobia was rare (Argentina), skepticism was the most important variable associated with non-adherence. Sociodemographic and clinical variables lost their significance after correcting for skepticism and pharmacophobia.	Sociodemographic, Clinical and Medication Variables ↑ Adherence with females: in Venezuela OR=1.90 (CI 1.15–3.14); p= 0.012 in Argentina OR=1.45 (CI 1.04–2.01); p= 0.003 ↑ Adherence with ↑ age: Spain OR =1.01 (CI 1.00–1.02); p= 0.002 Argentina OR=1.02 (CI 1.01–1.03; p= 0.001 Venezuela OR=1.03 (1.01–1.04; p= 0.01
De las Cuevas et al⁴⁴		Self-reported Health Beliefs ↓ Adherence with pharmacophobia: Spain OR =1.5 (1.2–2.0); p= 0.003 Argentina OR=2.2 (CI 1.3–3.7); p=0.005 Venezuela OR=2.6 (CI 1.4–4.8); p= 0.002 ↓ Adherence with skepticism: Spain OR =1.56 (CI 1.18–2.06); p=0.002 Argentina OR=4.4 (CI 3.1–6.2); p=0.001 Groups with highest non-adherence in total sample (3 countries): 40% in skeptical patients 44% in skeptical and pharmacophobic patients 44% in pharmacophobic patients

Notes: ^aPharmacophobia was measured by the Drug Attitude Inventory-10 items; it represents the fear of taking drugs or medicines. Pharmacophobia refers to an attitude toward medications in general while skepticism refers to an attitude toward a specific psychiatric medication. ^bSkepticism about a specific medication was defined using the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire-Specific Scale; it means a patient had high concern about adverse reactions and low belief in the necessity of taking that medication.

Abbreviations: CI, 95% confidence interval; HLOC, health locus of control; MMAS-4, Morisky Medication Adherence Scale, 4 items; MMAS-8, Morisky Medication Adherence Scale, 8 items; OR, odds ratio; SC, standardized coefficient.