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. 2020 Sep 15;21(18):6767. doi: 10.3390/ijms21186767

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Comparisons of the toxic effects of the different sizes of Co-NPs on plant activity: (A) toxicity of seed germination, (B) toxicity of root growth of Lactuca. Comparisons were made based on the relative activity of the control set: no toxicity and the without Co-NP amended condition (soluble cobalt metal concentrations: 64 ± 14 μg/L and 439 ± 135 μg/L for the small particles (type A) and 5 ± 0.6 μg/L and 8 ± 1 μg/L for the large particles (type B) with exposures of 1000 mg/L and 2000 mg/L of Co-NP, respectively).