Table 2.
Studies in musculoskeletal research.
| Author, Year (Reference) | Condition | FD-PRP Based Product/Stability | Study Type/Cells/Animal Model | Results | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Musculoskeletal Pathology | |||||
| Camargo-Martin L 2019 [51] | Equine OA | Frozen-PRP vs. FD-PRP vs. filtered FD-PRP 1.5-, 3- and 6-fold platelet enrichment |
Equine cartilage explants exposed to PRP, FBS and ITS as controls | Better chondroprotective effects with 3-fold PRP products compared to controls No differences between FD-PRP and frozen PRP |
|
| Growney EA 2020 [53] | Spine | FD-(PRP biofunctionalized alginate) vs. FD-(PRP encapsulated alginate) vs. alginate control Double spinned PRP |
hNPCs viability, adhesion and ECM and GAG secretion in hypoxic and normoxic conditions |
Decreased cytotoxicity in the presence of PRP Increased hNPCs adhesion and distribution in PRP-functionalized alginate No differences in cell proliferation Increased GAG content and ECM production in PRP-functionalized alginate in hypoxic conditions |
|
| Hahn O 2020 [52] | Cartilage conditions | FD-PRP vs. PRP powder Different PRP stimulation frequency and doses |
Chondrocyte cultures for 14 days | Pro-collagen type 1 and -3, GAGs and cell proliferation were time-dependent and increased with FD-PRP concentration | |
| Jain E 2019 [50] | OA | Double spin PRP, comparison of bolus PRP vs. FD-PRP encapsulated in PEG | Kinetics of VEGF, EGF, PDGF-BB and TGF-b1 release until degradation of hydrogel IL-1b treated chondrocytes |
VEGF and EGF are released on day 1 while TGF-b and PDGF-BB present a sustained release PRP rescued cell proliferation No effect on NO synthesis Does not rescue changes in gene expression induced by IL-1b Bolus PRP decreased inflammatory NF-kB activation |
|
| Kinoshita H 2020 [55] | Spine | Fresh PRP vs. FD-PRP Stability: PRP 4 weeks |
Osteoblast proliferation and ERK and PDGFR phosphorilation | FD-PRP is functionally (phosphorylation mechanisms) equivalent to fresh PRP | |
| Shiga Y 2016 [54] | Lumbar fusion | FD-PRP (thrombin, CaCl2-activated) + artificial bone vs. fresh PRP + artificial bone vs. BMP + artificial bone vs. autologous bone |
Spinal posterolateral fusion in rats Radiography and histology: amount of bone formation, characteristics of trabecular bone Biomechanical strength (3-point bending test) PDGF and TGFb1 determinations |
(FD-PRP + artificial bone) accelerated bone union at a rate comparable to (fresh PRP + artificial bone) or (BMP + artificial bone) More trabecular branches and biomechanical rigidity at 8 weeks |
|
| Shirata T 2019 [49] | OA | FD-PRP Stability: 6 months |
Clinical study Intraarticular injection of FD-PRP (resuspended in normosaline) |
Enhanced clinical outcomes (KOOS score) 1, 3, 6 months post treatment |
|
| Tendon and Muscle | |||||
| McCarrell T 2009 [57] | Tendon and ligament | BMA vs. PRP vs. FD-PRP |
Flexor digitorum superficialis tendon and suspensory ligament explants: TGF-b1 and PDGF release RT-QPCR: COL1A1, COL3A1, COMP, MMP-3 MMP-13 |
TGF-b1 and PDGF concentrations higher in PRPs than BMA Correlation between GF concentrations and ECM gene expression PRP and FD-PRP better outcome than BMA Platelet concentration correlated with ECM gene expression |
|
| McClure MJ 2018 [59] | Volumetric muscle loss | Aligned electrospun polydioxanone vs. random oriented, loaded with FD-PRP powder | C2C12 murine myoblasts: cell morphology, cell signaling multiplex assay, myogenic gene expression and protein and integrin synthesis and in response to FD-PRP | Compared to random scaffold, fiber alignment + FD-PRP powder favors myogenic differentiation, which is ERK-dependent and dose-dependent | |
| Zheng C 2019 [58] | Tendon bone interface | PRP (double spin, Ca+2-activated) mixed with ICA and lyophilized vs. FD-PRP vs. control | New Zealand rabbits, partial patellectomy At 8 weeks and 16 weeks, microcomputed tomography, histology, biomechanical testing |
Sustained release of ICA from FD-PRP+ICA compared to fresh PRP Higher rate of bone formation and remodeling in FD-PRP+ICA Better new bone formation in FD-PRP+ICA Fibrocartilage zone formation in the three groups, better mechanical properties in FD-PRP+ICA |
|
Abbreviatures: BMA, bone marrow aspirate; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; ECM, extracellular matrix; FBS, fetal bovine serum; FD-PRP, freeze-dried platelet-rich plasma; GAGs, glycosaminoglycans; GF, growth factor; hNPCs, human nucleus pulposus cells; ICA, icariin; ITS, insulin transferrin selenium; KOOS, knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score; NO, nitric oxide; OA, osteoarthritis; PEG, polyethylene glycol; PRP, platelet-rich plasma.