Table 3.
Studies in dentistry (9).
| Author, Year (Reference) | FD-PRP Based Product/Stability | Study Type/Cells/Animal Model | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ansarizadeh M 2019 [71] | PRF (single spin): frozen (−80 °C) vs. FD Mixed with chitosan/collagen |
FTIR, SEM, Young’s modulus, hMSCs viability, ALP activity, membrane degradation rate. | Optimized membrane composition based on experimental algorithms: Chitosan: collagen 4:1 + 0.58 mg/mL PRF Increased ALP activity (osteogenic differentiation) with PRF |
| Kardos D 2019 [69] | PRF (single spin) open vs. closed system: fresh, frozen (−20 °C), FD-PRF (−80 °C 30 min, −54 °C o/n) | Tensile strength, surface microstructure, plasmin activity, MSC and human gingival fibroblasts adhesion and proliferation, pro-collagen synthesis | Lower tensile strength in fresh PRF; frozen and thawed PRF lower plasmin activity than fresh and FD-PRF. Improved MSC adhesion in frozen and FD-PRF, no differences in gingival fibroblasts, no differences in pro-collagen synthesis |
| Li J 2017 [66] | PRP (double spin), vs. FD-PRP/PCL vs. traditional PRP (thrombin/Ca2+-activated)/PCL vs. PCL | DPSCs: migration, proliferation, ALP activity, osteogenic genes expression (RUNX2, OCN, OPN) In vivo rat calvarial defect assesment |
FD-PRP/PCL better than traditional PRP/PCL and PCL, in terms of osteogenesis (RUNX2, OCN, OPN) and mineralization Faster rate of in vivo bone formation with FD-PRP/PCL |
| Li Q 2014 [63] | FD-PRF vs. traditional PRF (porcine) | ABs, PDLs and DFs: proliferation, migration, differentiation/mineralization, steogenic genes expression (RUNX2, MGP) In vivo, nude mice, calvarial defect: histology—bone formation, collagen synthesis; CT scans—bone regeneration |
FD-PRF promotes RUNX2 expression in alveolar bone, not in dental follicle, partially in periodontal progenitors Histology reveals enhanced bone formation with FD-PRP (nodules after 14d) compared with fresh PRF |
| Liu Z 2019 [67] | FD-PRF vs. FD-PRF supplementing fresh PRF vs. fresh PRF (prepared from New Zealand rabbits) | PDGF-AB, TGF-b1 and VEGF quantification SEM hBMMSCs: proliferation (MTT), differentiation, mineralization nodules In vivo rabbit calvarial defect: histomorphometric analyses, CT scan |
Sustained factor release in fresh+FD-PRF No differences in hBMMSCs proliferation Higher differentiation characteristics in FD-PRF Higher bone formation area at 12 weeks in fresh PRF, FD-PRF group, fresh+FD-PRF FD-PRF maintains the ability to promote bone proliferation and chemotaxis in osteoblasts |
| Nakatani Y 2016 [64] | FD-PRP vs. fresh PRP | PDGF-BB, TGF-b and VEGF release immunocompromised mice BULB: Bone formation histology and immunohistochemistry |
Equivalent GFs release in fresh vs. FD-PRP Maintained bone regeneration at 4 and 8 weeks |
| Wang L 2019 [68] | (FD-PRP vs. fresh PRP) mixed with chitosan and alginate | TGF-b1, PDGF-AB, IGF-1, VEGF and TSP-1 release during 28d MC3T3-E1 murine osteoblast precursor cell line: Cytotoxicity, proliferation mineralization, osteogenic gene expression (OPN, OPG, Runx2, bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin) |
More rapid GF release from FD-PRP composites versus sustained release from PRP composites Better osteogenic performance in FD-PRP in early stages Better osteogenic mineralization in fresh PRP at later stages |
| Xie Y 2020 [65] | CaCl2-activated fresh PRP vs. FD-PRP | PDGF-AB, TGF-b and VEGF quantification SEM Rabbit BMMSC: proliferation and differentiation (ALP activity, OCN, BMP-2 gene expression) |
Higher PDGF, TGF and VEGF release in fresh PRP Enhanced osteogenic differentiation with fresh PRP at 1, 3, 6 and 9 days. |
| Zhang J 2017 [70] | Autologous fresh PRF (single spin) vs. autologous FD-PRF | Randomized clinical trial in guided bone regeneration (alveolar bone). Healing mucosa score (color, shape and quality), clinical outcomes (pain, color, swelling) at 24h, 3 and 7 days; computed tomography at 4 months | No statistical differences in soft-tissue healing or bone formation. No bone infection. Similar ratios of bone and soft connective tissues in the histological sections |
Abbreviatures: AB, alveolar bone osteoblasts; ALP, alkaline phosphatase activity; BMMSCs, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; DF, dental follicle progenitors; DPSCs, dental pulp stem cells; FD, freeze-dried; FD-PRF, freeze-dried platelet-rich fibrin; FD-PRP, freeze-dried platelet-rich plasma; FTIR, fourier transform infrared; hBMMSCs, human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; hMSCs, human mesenchymal stem cells; MC3T3-E1, SEM, scanning electron microscopy; PCL, polycaprolactone; PDL, periodontal ligament fibroblasts; PRF, platelet-rich fibrin; PRP, platelet-rich plasma.