Table 1.

Models tested to generate ischemic stroke in swine. Abbreviation; ET-1, endothelin-1; MCA, middle cerebral artery; ICA, internal carotid artery; AChA, anterior choroidal artery; APA, ascending pharyngeal artery; CCA, common carotid artery.

Type of Approach	Approach	Method	Target	Advantages	Disadvantages	References
Surgical	Craniotomy	ET-1 injection	MCA	(1) Temporary ischemia	(1) Invasive approach	[87]
				(2) Partial ischemia
		Photothrombosis	MCA	(1) Temporary (2) Partial ischemia	(1) Invasive approach	[88,96,97,98,99,100]
				(2) Reproducible
		Electrocoagulation	MCA	(1) Partial ischemia (2) Reproducible	(1) Invasive approach (2) Not temporary	[16,52,101,102,103,104,105,106,107]
			ICA
			AChA
			MCA + ICA
		Arterial clip	MCA	(1) Temporary (2) Partial ischemia	(1) Invasive approach	[86,108]
				(3) Reproducible
	Cranial burr hole	ET-1 injection	MCA	(1) Temporary (2) Partial ischemia	(1) Relatively invasive approach	[59,109,110]
			Striatum
			Cortex
	Transorbital	Electrocoagulation	MCA	(1) Partial ischemia (2) Reproducible	(1) Very invasive approach (2) Not temporary	[89,111,112,113,114,115]
		Arterial clip	MCA	(1) Temporary (2) Partial ischemia	(1) Very invasive approach	[7,111,113,116]
				(3) Reproducible
Endovascular	Endovascular	Mechanical embolization	Extracranial arteries	(1) Minimally invasive (2) Temporary	(1) No infarction	[117]
		Blood clot injection	Extracranial arteries	(1) Minimally invasive (2) Temporary	(1) Difficult infarction	[118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131]
			CCA
			APA
		Polymer injection	APA-rete mirabile	(1) Minimally invasive	(1) Difficult infarction	[132,133,134]
					(2) Not temporary
		CO2 injection	CCA	(1) Minimally invasive	(1) No infarction	[135]
				(2) Temporary
		Air injection	ICA	(1) Minimally invasive	(1) No infarction	[136]
				(2) Temporary
		DMSO injection	Rete mirabile	(1) Minimally invasive	(1) No infarction	[137]
				(2) Temporary