Table 1.

Roles of Rap1 in tumor progression.

Roles of Rap1	Tumor Types	Signaling Molecules	Results	Reference
Tumor promoter	Glioblastoma	Rap1A, thrombin, β1-integrin	Knockdown of Rap1A reduced more than 70% of tumor growth compared to control	[48]
	NSCLC	Rap1-GTP	Rap1-GTP depletion reduced growth of NSCLC cells and increased cisplatin sensitivity	[49]
	Melanoma	Rap1-GTP, p38	Rap1-GTP expression promoted melanoma migration and invasion	[50]
	Breast cancer	Rap1-GTP, β1-integrin	Pharmacological inhibition of Rap1-GTP and β1-integrin reduced cell migration in breast cancer	[51]
		Rap1	Expression of dominant-active Rap1 in breast epithelial cells increased invasiveness and tumorigenicity	[43]
	Prostate cancer	Rap1A, α4, β3 -integrins	Rap1A activation increased expression of α4- and β3-integrins, leading to increased tumor cell invasion	[26]
	Pancreatic cancer	Rap1-GTP, EGFR	Rap1-GTP activation promoted migration and EGFR-mediated metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells	[52]
Tumor suppressor	Bladder cancer	Rap1-GTP	Rap1-GTP activation suppressed migration of NBT-II bladder carcinoma cells	[53]

NSCLC, non-small-cell lung carcinoma; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor.