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. 2020 Oct 13;10:17130. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-74170-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Skin conductance responses for the direct expression test, extinction learning, and direct retention test in children. (a) After seeing their parent as well as a stranger receiving shock for the CS + , children presented higher SCRs for both CS + s, in comparison to the CS − (direct expression test). (b) At the end of that phase, the fear responses to all three CSs have extinguished (extinction learning). (c) The day after (direct retention test), children exhibited higher SCRs for both CS + s than the CS −. In each panel, black lines represent CS + Parent, dashed dark grey lines represent CS + Stranger, and dashed light grey lines represent CS −. Error bars are standard error of the mean. The dashed horizontal line indicates the highest level of fear (SCR) expressed during the direct expression test. CS + P = CS + Parent; CS + S = CS + Stranger; µS = microsiemens.