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. 2020 Oct 13;10:17130. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-74170-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Parent–child’s physiological synchrony predicts fear learning in children, only for the parent cue. (a) Example of the z-scored phasic skin conductance for a parent and his/her child during the whole observational learning stage. (b) Cross-recurrence plot obtained from the same parent–child dyad. (c) Physiological synchrony between children and parents during the observational learning stage successfully predicted the fear response in children for the first CS + Parent presentation during direct expression test. Physiological synchrony between children and parents did not predict the fear response for neither the CS + Stranger (d), nor the CS − (e).