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. 2020 Oct 13;5:95. doi: 10.1038/s41541-020-00245-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Aerosol delivery of a leading TB vaccine candidate, modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing antigen 85 A (MVA85A) in rhesus macaques produced a higher immune response compared to intradermal injection highlighting an immunization strategy that limits systemic immunity. Novel TB vaccine candidate, pho P mutant SO2 was unable to induce apoptotic events during lung infection in vivo. H56 fusion protein (Ag85B-ESAT6-Rv2660c) has been developed as a BCG booster in cynomolgus macaques. In addition to delaying the clinical disease manifestation post Mtb infection, H56 booster was able to prevent anti-TNF triggered reactivation of latent TB infection. As observed with H56:IC31, ID93/GLA-SE elicited a significant T_H1 immune response, comprising of multifunctional IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 CD4⁺ T cells. The induction of a dominant T_H1 response was associated with reduced TB burden in cynomolgus macaques and MDR-TB control in the lungs of vaccinated mice.