Table 2.

Immune correlates of interest in NHP model of TB/HIV coinfection.

Immune correlate	Significance	NHP model
sCD14	Marker of microbial translocation in SIV, prediction of immune activation in TB/HIV coinfection	Rhesus macaque—SIV model
CRP	Soluble markers of inflammation, monocyte turnover, fibrosis predict progression to AIDS and death	Rhesus macaque—TB and SHIV/SIV model
IL-6
IL-8
IP-10	Independent marker of rapid disease onset in HIV	Rhesus/Cynomolgus macaque—SIV, TB model
HLA-DR	T-cell activation marker, predisposes to SIV and TB progression, shorter survival, mortality upon cART initiation
CD38
IL-2Rα	Marker of T-helper function	Sooty mangabeys—SIV model Rhesus macaque—TB model
CD45RO	Marker for primed/memory T cells	Rhesus macaque—SIV model
ESAT-6/CFP-10 specific CD4+ T cells	Key immune cell type required to contain Mtb within granulomas	Rhesus, Mauritian cynomolgus macaques—TB/SIV model
IFNg+IL-2+TNFa+ T cells	Marker of disease control and protection against depletion of mucosal CD4+ T cells	Rhesus macaque—TB and SIV model
CD4+CD25+CD127- Tregs	Marker to differentiate intestinal Tregs from lymphoid tissue Tregs in TB and SIV infections	Cynomolgus macaque—TB model Rhesus macaque—SIV model
Monocyte:Lymphocyte ratio	Marker to distinguish between ATB, LTBI; prediction of TB risk in infants	Rhesus, Chinese and Mauritian Cynomolgus macaque—TB model
Granzyme B	Cytotoxic T -lymphocyte mediated defence against intracellular pathogens	Rhesus, Cynomolgus macaque—TB model Rhesus macaque—SIV model
CD8+memory T cells	Suppression of viremia by rapid expansion and localization within B-cell follicles in SIV; immunity against Mtb reinfection	Rhesus macaque—TB and SIV model
Th17 response	Significantly reduced in SIV, can reduce Mtb control in lungs	Rhesus macaque—SIV model