Table 3.

Mechanisms of impact on TB and HIV drug resistance in TB/HIV coinfection.

HIV on TB	TB on HIV	Common factors
Increases risk of TB reactivation	Cell activation	Lack of communication between TB and HIV treatment programs
Expands number of people with ATB	Excessive cytokine and chemokine production	Lack of treatment adherence
Contributes to selection for spontaneous mutations	Stimulates HIV replication	Immunocompromised state
Reinfection modifies conditions of co-existence	Accelerates progression to AIDS	Community transmission
High viral load increases prevalence of DR-TB	Low uptake of ART	Intravenous drug abuse
Timing and initiation of ART	Low rates of viral RNA suppression	Low socioeconomic status
Chronic immune activation onset during the acute phase	Increased viral replication	Late diagnosis