Table 3.
Research on the effects of acute and chronic waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) on exercise capacity and lung function.
| The Authors | Subjects | Purpose | Exercise Protocol | Key Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hawari et al. [70] | 24 healthy men | The acute effects of WTS on exercise capacity and lung function | Cardiopulmonary exercise test using a cycle ergometer: 2-min 20-Watt warm up and 25-Watt increase every 2-min for a maximum time of 10 min | ↓ VO2, O2 pulse, FEF25–75% ↑ HR/VO2, baseline respiratory rate, RPE at mid and peak exercise ↔ FEV1, FVC, DLco, breathing reserve |
| Koubaa et al. [71] | 68 sedentary men (22 waterpipe smokers, 23 cigarette smokers, 23 non-smokers) | Evaluate and compare the effect of smoking on antioxidant status, aerobic capacity, pulmonary function and lipid profile in waterpipe and cigarette smokers | Cardiopulmonary exercise test using a cycle ergometer: 5-min warm up with 6 km/h, 1 km/h increase every 2 min | ↓ VO2max, MAS, FVC, FEV1, PEF, FEF25–75%, FEF50% ↔ FEV1/FVC |
| Koubaa et al. [72] | 43 sedentary men (14 waterpipe smokers, 15 cigarette smokers, 14 non-smokers) | The effects of continuous training on lungs function and cardiorespiratory fitness in smokers | Race track running, 3 days/week for 12 weeks, 20–30 min/day, low-intensity (40% of VO2max) | ↑ FVC, FEV1, FEF50%, VO2max, vVO2max ↔ PEF, FEV1/FVC, FEF25–75% |
| Koubaa et al. [74] | 35 sedentary men (10 waterpipe smokers, 12 cigarette smokers, 11 non-smokers) | The effects of aerobic interval training program on aerobic capacity and pulmonary function in smokers | Race track running, 3 days/week for 12 weeks, 30 min/day, 2-min intervals interspersed with recovery periods of 1 min, moderate-intensity (70% of VO2max) | ↑ VO2max, vVO2max, PEF |
↑ increase; ↓ decrease; ↔ no change; WTS: waterpipe tobacco smoking; VO2: oxygen uptake; VO2max: maximum VO2; vVO2max: velocity at VO2max; MAS: maximal aerobic speed; RPE: rating of perceived exertion; DLco: diffusing lung capacity; FVC: forced vital capacity; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in one second; PEF: peak expiratory flow; FEF: forced expiratory flow; FEF50%: FEF at 50% of FVC; FEF25–75%: FEF over the middle half of the FVC.